Background On April 1, 1922, the
United Mine Workers (UMW) began a
nationwide coal strike. By mid-May 1922, the
United States faced a "serious coal shortage." Only mines without unions remained open; prices rose, as did hoarding. The "verbose and inconclusive" report did not avert an anthracite coal strike by September 8, 1923. On September 17, 1923,
Gifford Pinchot, governor of Pennsylvania, brokered a settlement, which embarrassed Secretary Hoover (as they were political rivals). (Harding died in office on August 2, 1923;
Calvin Coolidge succeeded. {{cite book Despite the intervention of the Federal Coal Commission, "in the ensuring years, the position of the coal miner continued to deteriorate, as did the industry." ==Works==