In 1809 the political situation in Europe appeared to Schill to favor an attempt to liberate Germany from the French domination of
Napoleon Bonaparte. He was an active member of the
Tugendbund, the quasi-Masonic "League of Virtue" founded in June 1808, and including many notable Prussian reformers such as
Gerhard von Scharnhorst and
August Neidhardt von Gneisenau. It was banned in 1809. Many Tugendbund leaders believed that the new
Kingdom of Westphalia, created by
Napoleon from many smaller German states, and ruled by Napoleon's youngest brother
Jérôme Bonaparte, was ripe for revolution. Schill planned to create an uprising in Westphalia that would topple the Bonaparte regime there, and – coupled with the efforts of Austria, Spain, and Britain – would bring about the fall of Napoleonic dominance in Germany. Leading out his regiment from Berlin under pretext of manoeuvres, he raised the standard of revolt, and, joined by many officers and a company of
light infantry, marched first south through Saxony, and then north-west into Westphalia. At the village of
Dodendorf on 5 May 1809, he had a brush with the
Magdeburg garrison and won a small victory. Schill had no difficulty defeating, or even recruiting, the unreliable Westphalian troops sent against him, and his rebellion swelled to over 2,000 men. He had less success, however, with the gathering
Danish and
Dutch forces, which gradually drove him in a north-east direction toward the
Baltic Sea. His most serious difficulty was the condemnation of Prussia's king
Frederick William III, who feared that the revolt would drag a weakened and unprepared Prussia into another disastrous war against Napoleon. By the end of May, although he had left garrisons and raiding parties in various places, Schill's main force was trapped at
Stralsund. He had between 1,500 and 2,000 men, against a force of 8,000
Danish and
Dutch troops under French command.
Liberation fails On 31 May the Napoleonic forces stormed Stralsund. Schill was killed in the street, by the Danish hussar Jaspar Krohn, fighting as his defenses collapsed. Over a thousand of his rebels escaped to Prussia, overland or by ship, where the officers were tried by
court-martial,
cashiered and imprisoned (although all were subsequently pardoned). Some smaller parties of rebels including his two brothers escaped to Sweden, and ultimately Austria and Britain, but the rest were either killed or taken. The French commander counted 570 prisoners, the majority of whom were then sent to the galleys. About 100 rebels who had been Westphalian deserters were separated and taken to
Brunswick, where 14 of them were ultimately executed. Schill's body was decapitated. The corpse was dumped in an unmarked grave in Stralsund. The head was sent to
Jerome Bonaparte as a trophy, but he gave it to a Dutch surgeon who collected oddities, and it remained at the
University of Leiden until 1837, when German patriots obtained it for the dedication of a Schill monument in Brunswick.
Schill's Eleven Officers Eleven of Schill's officers were taken as a group to several different cities before their fate was sealed by Napoleon's orders. Eventually they were taken to the fortress of
Wesel where they were given a show trial and executed on 16 September. The young group became tragic heroes and martyrs, and their appearance brought out crowds in every German-speaking town and city they went through. A dramatic letter-writing campaign led by Philippine von Griesheim, the fiancé of one of the eleven officers, Albrecht von Wedell, and appeals to the Prussian King Frederick William III by the eleven asking to die by a Prussian firing squad instead of at the 'hands of the enemy' helped create a legend that would become part of the propaganda encouraging the German liberation movement of 1813 leading to Prussia's restoration of independence. One other close comrade of Schill's escaped execution and became known as 'The Twelfth'. Lieutenant Heinrich von Wedell had served with Schill as far back as the Siege of Kolberg. He was badly wounded at the battle of Dodendort and had to remain behind there. He was captured and interrogated by the French. Heinrich managed to convince the French that he had participated against his will and so he was sent to France, physically branded a criminal, and served eight months on a prison ship and then hard labor in a prison quarry before eventually being released in early 1812 in anticipation of the impending war with Russia. He was the cousin of Carl and Albrecht von Wedell who were among the eleven Schill officers executed at
Wesel. Another of Schill's officers, the Swede Friedrich-Gustave Peterson was executed by firing squad in Stralsund. ==Legacy==