Grave of the Fireflies

In March 1945, American bombers destroy most of Kobe during the waning days of the Pacific War. Seita and his sister Setsuko, children of an Imperial Japanese Navy captain, survive, but their mother dies. She is cremated in a mass grave outside and Seita is seen carrying a small wooden box containing her ashes. Seita conceals their mother's death from Setsuko. The siblings move in with an aunt. He hides his mother's box of ashes in the garden. Seita retrieves a supply cache he buried before the bombing and gives everything to his aunt, save for a tin of Sakuma drops, which he gives to Setsuko. The aunt convinces Seita to sell his mother's silk kimonos for rice, which devastates Setsuko. As rations dwindle, the aunt becomes resentful of the children as Seita does nothing to earn the food she prepares for them. At her suggestion, Seita withdraws some money from his mother's bank account to buy a charcoal stove and other supplies. Following an air raid, the siblings move into an abandoned bomb shelter. Among the belongings is the wooden box of his mother's ashes. They capture fireflies from the marshes and release them into the refuge for light. The following morning the fireflies have died. Setsuko buries them and reveals their aunt told her their mother died, then tearfully asks why the fireflies had to die so soon. The situation becomes dire when they run out of rice. A friendly farmer recommends that Seita swallow his pride and return to his aunt, but he refuses, instead stealing crops from farms and breaking into homes during air raids. A farmer catches him and brings him to the police station, but the sympathetic policeman lets him go. Setsuko falls ill, and a doctor explains she is suffering from malnutrition. Seita withdraws the last of the money from their mother's bank account. He is distraught to learn that Japan has surrendered and that his father is most likely dead, as most of Japan's naval fleet have been sunk. Seita returns to Setsuko with food and finds her hallucinating. She dies as Seita finishes preparing the food. Seita cremates Setsuko's body and her doll in a straw casket. He carries her ashes in the candy tin along with his father's photograph. Seita dies of starvation a few weeks later at a Sannomiya train station surrounded by other malnourished people. A janitor, tasked with removing the bodies before the Americans' arrival, sorts through Seita's possessions. He finds the candy tin and throws it into a field. Setsuko's ashes spread out, and her spirit springs from the container, joined by Seita's spirit and a cloud of fireflies. The two board a ghostly train and, throughout the journey, look back at the events leading to Seita's death as silent, passive observers. Their spirits, healthy and content, arrive at their destination: a hilltop bench overlooking present-day Kobe, surrounded by fireflies. ==Voice cast==

Development "Grave of the Fireflies" author Akiyuki Nosaka said that many offers had been made to make a live-action film adaptation of his short story. Nosaka argued that "it was impossible to create the barren, scorched earth that's to be the backdrop of the story". The film features Niteko-ike pond (ニテコ池), which is described as the "birthplace" of the novel and where Nosaka conducted his daily routines of dishwashing and personal ablutions. Notably, during the final days of the Pacific War, Nosaka, then 14 years old, sought refuge with his younger sister-in-law in a relative's house and nearby bomb shelters near the pond. Takahata said that he was compelled to film the short story after seeing how the main character, Seita, "was a unique wartime ninth grader". Takahata explained that any wartime story, whether animated or not animated, "tends to be moving and tear-jerking", and that young people develop an "inferiority complex" where they perceive people in wartime eras as being more noble and more able than they are, and therefore the audience believes that the story has nothing to do with them. Takahata argued that he wanted to dispel this mindset. Takahata said that Setsuko was even more difficult to animate than Seita, and that he had never before depicted a girl younger than five. which stemmed from Takahata’s desire to "incorporate the timing, accent, and even the breathing of the performer into the animation" (In Japanese animation production, it is common practice to record the voice-overs after the animation has been completed). Most of the illustration outlines in the film are in brown, instead of the customary black. Black outlines were only used when it was absolutely necessary. Color coordinator Michiyo Yasuda said this was done to give the film a softer feel. Yasuda said that this technique had never been used in an anime before Grave of the Fireflies, "and it was done on a challenge". Production of Grave of the Fireflies and My Neighbor Totoro proceeded simultaneously at Ghibli. It is said that even Toei Dōga had never worked on two feature-length films at the same time, and since there were only a limited number of key staff members (animators) who could meet the high standards of Takahata and Miyazaki, the production team struggled to manage their personnel. A particular point of contention was the treatment of animation director Yoshifumi Kondō. As a result, while Miyazaki's team focused on newly recruited staff, Takahata's team gathered veteran staff members he had known for years, such as Kondō, Yoshiyuki Momose and art director Yamamoto. In later recollections, Takahata stated that securing Kondō was his "top priority—no, an absolute must" in terms of personnel, and that he did not personally recruit any other members. The location and background in the film is based on a style created by 18th century Japanese artist Hiroshige and his follower Hergé, who created Tintin. Film critic Roger Ebert examines the contrast of the style of the background in comparison to the cartoonish animation of the characters. He claims that there is an unusual amount of detail in the evocative landscape, while the characters are a take on the modern Japanese animation style, with childlike bodies and enormous eyes. Ebert believed that this deliberate animation style embodies the true purpose of animation, which is to recreate the raw emotion of human life by simplifying reality to emphasize ideas. He concludes his analysis with saying, "Yes, it's a cartoon, and the kids have eyes like saucers, but it belongs on any list of the greatest war films ever made." During an interview about his music, Mamiya stated that he creates his music to encourage peace. The soundtrack album titled was first released on April 5, 1997, by Studio Ghilbi Records and and later re-released on June 25, 1998, by Animage. The soundtrack does not contain standalone music and instead features both dialogue and music as they appear in the film. Another soundtrack album titled was first released on April 5, 1997, by Studio Ghilbi Records and Tokuma Japan Communications, and later re-released on November 25, 1997, by Animage. {{Track listing ==Themes and analysis==

In his book about the film, Alex Dudok de Wit called Grave of the Fireflies an "unusually personal adaptation" of Nosaka's short story as Takahata had similar experiences during the war, though noted it deviated significantly in its portrayal of the children as ghosts in its opening sequence whereas the short story began immediately with the children losing their mother during the air raid. Some critics in the West have viewed Grave of the Fireflies as an anti-war film due to the graphic and emotional depiction of the pernicious repercussions of war on a society, and the individuals therein. The film focuses its attention almost entirely on the personal tragedies that war gives rise to, rather than seeking to glamorize it as a heroic struggle between competing nations. It emphasizes that war is society's failure to perform its most important duty: to protect its own people. However, Takahata repeatedly denied that the film was an anti-war film. In his own words, it "is not at all an anti-war anime and contains absolutely no such message". Instead, Takahata had intended to convey an image of the brother and sister living a failed life due to isolation from society and invoke sympathy particularly in people in their teens and twenties. He also noted, "That was an era when an extremely oppressive form of 'totalitarianism'—the absolute worst kind of social order—was accepted as the norm. Seita resists that totalitarian era and tries to build a 'pure family' with just Setsuko, but is such a thing even possible? Because it isn’t, Seita ends up causing Setsuko’s death. But can we really criticize him for that? It is because the times have reversed that we modern people find it easy to empathize with Seita emotionally. If the times were to reverse again someday, an era might come where the majority of opinions condemn Seita even more harshly than that widow (his aunt), and that terrifies me." He further remarked, "Anyone could become a person like the woman from Nishinomiya. I want the audience to be frightened by that". Since the 2000s, there have been reports of a self-responsibility-based interpretation of Seita's death as "deserved." Regarding this, Seiji Kanō pointed out, "Takahata believed that both a self-responsibility perspective and a sympathetic reception of Seita were possible, but he aimed to create a 'useful film'—not as an extreme argument, but one that, based on the logic behind each character’s actions, goes beyond the issues of Seita and his aunt alone to serve as material for discussing at what stage the tragedy could have been avoided." The director was nevertheless an anti-war advocate, a staunch supporter of Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution, and has openly criticized Japan's penchant for conformity, allowing them to be rallied against other nations. He expressed despair and anxiety whenever the youth are told to fall in line, a reminder that the country at its core has not changed. Despite the public's emotional reaction, Takahata expressed that the purpose of the film was not to be a tragedy or make people cry. Moreover, he regretted depicting Seita as a boy from that era because he wanted him to come off as a contemporary boy who acted like he had time-traveled to the period. He did not intend for it to be retrospective or nostalgic. He wanted the Japanese audience to recognize Seita's misguided attempts to withdraw from society and family. Okypo Moon states in her essay "Marketing Nature in Rural Japan", that hundreds of fireflies were caught nightly in the 1920s and 1930s. In the 1960s and 1970s, there was a shift to reinstate this tradition and "there are now eighty five 'firefly villages' (hotaru no sato) registered at the Ministry of the Environment in Japan. The movie uses fireflies to visually represent both deadly and beautiful imagery, such as fire-bombs and kamikazes. ==Release==

Theatrical The film was released on 16 April 1988, over 20 years from the publication of the short story. The initial Japanese theatrical release was accompanied by Hayao Miyazaki's light-hearted My Neighbor Totoro as a double feature. While the two films were marketed toward children and their parents, the starkly tragic nature of Grave of the Fireflies turned away many audiences. However, Totoro merchandise, particularly Totoro and Catbus stuffed toys, sold extremely well after the film and made overall profits for the company to the extent that it stabilized subsequent productions of Studio Ghibli. Grave of the Fireflies is the only theatrical Studio Ghibli feature film prior to From Up on Poppy Hill to which Disney never had North American distribution rights, since it was not produced by Ghibli for parent company Tokuma Shoten but for Shinchosha, the publisher of the original short story (although Disney has the Japanese home video distribution rights themselves, thus replacing the film's original Japanese home video distributor, Bandai Visual). It was one of the last Studio Ghibli films to get an English-language premiere by GKIDS. Home media and streaming Grave of the Fireflies was released on VHS in Japan by Buena Vista Home Entertainment under the Ghibli ga Ippai Collection label on 7 August 1998. On 29 July 2005, a DVD release was distributed through Warner Home Video. Walt Disney Studios Japan released the complete collector's edition DVD on 6 August 2008. WDSJ released the film on Blu-ray twice on 18 July 2012: one as a single release, and one in a two-film set with My Neighbor Totoro (even though Disney has never owned the North American rights, only the Japanese rights). It was released on VHS in North America by Central Park Media in a subtitled form on 2 June 1993. They later released the film with an English dub on VHS on 1 September 1998 (the day Disney released ''Kiki's Delivery Service'') and an all-Regions DVD (which also included the original Japanese with English subtitles) on 7 October 1998. On 8 October 2002, it was later released on a two-disc DVD set, which once again included both the English dub and the original Japanese with English subtitles as well as the film's storyboards with the second disc containing a retrospective on the author of the original book, an interview with the director, and an interview with critic Roger Ebert, who felt the film was one of the greatest of all time. ADV Films re-acquired the rights to the film from Central Park Media and re-released on DVD on 7 July 2009. Following the 1 September 2009 shutdown and re-branding of ADV, their successor, Sentai Filmworks, rescued the film and released a remastered DVD on 6 March 2012, and planned to release the film on digital outlets. A Blu-ray edition was released on 20 November 2012, featuring an all-new English dub produced by Seraphim Digital. GKIDS re-acquired the rights to the film from Sentai Filmworks and re-released it through home media partner Shout! Studios on Blu-ray and DVD on 8 July 2025, under a new deal with Studio Ghibli (which has the original Japanese version and the 1998 and 2012 English dubs). StudioCanal UK released the film on Blu-ray in the United Kingdom on 1 July 2013, followed by ''Kiki's Delivery Service'' on the same format. It was the UK's tenth annual best-selling foreign language film on home video in 2019 (below seven other Japanese films, including six of Hayao Miyazaki's films). In August 2025, Anime Limited acquired the British and Irish distribution rights to the film, announcing that a new Blu-ray release would occur in 2026 after its theatrical release. Madman Entertainment released the film in Australia and New Zealand. On 16 September 2024, the film started streaming exclusively on Netflix in over 190 countries, excluding Japan (which was until the film started streaming exclusively on Netflix on 15 July 2025), as part of ongoing efforts to expand the platform's extensive lineup of Japanese films and TV shows. ==Reception==

Box office and home video The film was modestly successful at the Japanese box office, where it grossed . As part of the Studio Ghibli Fest 2018, the film had a limited theatrical release in the United States, grossing $516,962. The Ghibli ga Ippai Collection home video release of Grave of the Fireflies sold 400,000 copies in Japan. At a price of at least , this is equivalent to at least in sales revenue. Critical reception The film received universal critical acclaim. The film review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100% approval rating based on 46 reviews, with an average rating of 9.3/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "An achingly sad anti-war film, Grave of the Fireflies is one of Studio Ghibli's most profoundly beautiful, haunting works." Metacritic assigned the film a score of 94 out of 100 based on 16 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim". Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times considered it to be one of the best and most powerful war films ever made, and included it on his list of great films in 2000. Japanese filmmaker Akira Kurosawa praised the film and considered it his favourite Studio Ghibli production. He wrote a letter of praise to the studio's founder Hayao Miyazaki, mistakenly believing he had directed it. Miyazaki himself praised the film as Takahata's masterpiece, but criticized the character of Seita for not behaving how he believed the son of a navy lieutenant should have behaved. The film was ranked at No. 12 on Total Films list of the "50 Greatest Animated Movies", No. 10 on Time Outs list of the "50 Greatest World War II Movies", No. 6 on Empires list of the "Top 10 Depressing Movies", and No. 19 on ''Wizard's Anime list of the "Top 50 Anime released in North America". Bangladeshi newspaper The Daily Star ranked the film at No. 4 on its list of the "10 Must-Watch Short Story Adaptations" and wrote, "There is both much and little to say about the film. It is simply an experience—a trip through the lonely boroughs of humanity that the world collectively looked, and still looks, away from." Reviewing the original U.S. Manga Corps dub of the film, Theron Martin of Anime News Network'' said that while the other voices were perfectly acceptable, "Setsuko just doesn't sound quite convincing as a four-year-old in English. That, unfortunately, is a big negative, since a good chunk of the pathos the movie delivers is at least partly dependent on that performance." Before that, the ranking website Goo's readers voted the film's ending the number 1 most miserable of all anime films. In June 2018, USA Today ranked it 1st on the 100 best animated movies of all time. In 2022, the film was ranked 225th on Sight & Sound Greatest Films list (Critics + Directors' combined poll), being one of the only three animated films to make the top 250 (alongside My Neighbor Totoro and Spirited Away). Film director and critic reviewed Grave of the Fireflies on his popular TV series. He praised the film for the honorary image of the soldiers of Japan through the depiction of the fireflies, and the moving depiction of a heartbreaking experience many people of Japan had lived through. After seeing the reactions of the audience after a screening of the film at Festival « Pour éveiller les regards », Jean-Jacques Varret, head of Les Films du Paradoxe, knew he had to distribute it in France. It was released in two Parisian arthouses and the reaction was modest. Following the release however, Les Films du Paradoxe chose to release the film on video cassettes and on the streaming service Canal+. Public reaction After the international release, it has been noted that different audiences have interpreted the film differently due to differences in culture. For instance, when the film was watched by a Japanese audience, Seita's decision to not come back to his aunt was seen as an understandable decision, because it was understood how Seita had been raised to value pride in himself and his country. Conversely, American and Australian audiences were more likely to perceive the decision as unwise. Accolades ==Derivative works==

Planned follow-up Following the success of Grave of the Fireflies, Takahata drew up an outline for a follow-up film, based on similar themes but set in 1939 at the start of the Pacific War. This film was called Border 1939, based on the novel The Border by Shin Shikata, and would have told the story of a Japanese teenager from colonial Seoul joining an anti-Japanese resistance group in Mongolia. The film was intended as an indictment of Japanese imperialist sentiment, which is briefly touched upon in Grave of the Fireflies. Although Takahata finished a full outline (which is republished in his book Thoughts While Making Movies), the film was canceled before production could start due to the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre. Public opinion in Japan had turned against China, and Ghibli's distributor felt a film partly set there was too risky. 2005 live-action version NTV in Japan produced a live-action TV drama of Grave of the Fireflies, in commemoration of the 60th anniversary of the end of World War II. The drama aired on 1 November 2005. Like the animated film, the live-action version of Grave of the Fireflies focuses on two siblings struggling to survive the final months of the war in Kobe, Japan. However, unlike the animated version, it tells the story from the point of view of their cousin (the aunt's daughter) and deals with the issue of how the wartime environment could change a kind lady into a hard-hearted woman. The film stars Nanako Matsushima as the aunt and Mao Inoue as the cousin (who also portrays the cousin's granddaughter). 2008 live-action version A second live-action version was released in Japan on 5 July 2008, featuring as Seita, as Setsuko, Keiko Matsuzaka as the aunt, and Seiko Matsuda as the children's mother. Like the animated film, this live-action version of Grave of the Fireflies focuses on two siblings struggling to survive the final months of the war in Kobe, Japan. ==See also==