Early life Moses Fleetwood Walker was born in 1856 in
Mount Pleasant, a working-class town in Eastern Ohio that had served as a sanctuary for runaway slaves since 1815. Its population included a large
Quaker community and a unique collective of former Virginian slaves. Walker's parents, Moses W. Walker and Caroline O'Harra, were both biracial. According to Walker's biographer David W. Zang, his father came to Ohio from Pennsylvania, likely a beneficiary of Quaker patronage, and married O'Harra, who was a native of the state, on June 11, 1843. When Walker was three years old, the family moved 20 miles northeast to Steubenville where Walker senior became one of the first black physicians in Ohio, and later a
minister of the
Methodist Episcopal Church. There, Walker's fifth or sixth sibling, his younger brother
Weldy, was born the same year. Walker and Weldy attended
Steubenville High School in the early 1870s, just as the community passed legislation for racial integration. As an adult, Walker enrolled at
Oberlin College in 1878, where he majored in
philosophy and the arts. At Oberlin, Walker proved himself to be an excellent student, especially in mechanics and rhetoric, but by his sophomore year, he was rarely attending classes. How Walker first came to play baseball is uncertain: according to Zang, the game was popular among Steubenville children, and while in Oberlin's preparatory program Walker became the prep team's
catcher and leadoff hitter. Oberlin men played baseball as early as 1865 — including a "jet black"
first baseman whose presence meant Walker was not the college's first black baseball player—with organized clubs that engaged in intense matchups. Walker gained stardom and was mentioned in the school newspaper,
The Oberlin Review, for his ball-handling and ability to hit long
home runs. In 1881, Oberlin lifted their ban on off-campus competition. Walker, joined by Weldy who enrolled in the class of 1885, played on the baseball club's first inter-collegiate team. baseball team (Walker front row, third from right) By Oberlin pitcher Harlan Burket's account, Walker's performance in the season finale persuaded the
University of Michigan to recruit him to their own program. Transfer regulations at the time were generally informal and recruiting players from opposing teams was not unusual. Accompanying Walker was his pregnant girlfriend, Arbella Taylor, whom he married a year later. Michigan's baseball club had been weakest behind the plate; the team had gone as far as to hire semi-professional catchers to fill the void. As the team arrived in the early morning of the game, Walker was turned away from the Saint Cloud Hotel. More issues arose during game time: members of the
Louisville Eclipse protested Walker's participation; Cleveland relented and held him out of the lineup. After one inning, his substitute claimed his hands were too badly bruised to continue, and Walker hesitantly walked on to the field for warm-ups. Louisville again protested and refused to resume play until Cleveland's
third baseman volunteered to go behind the plate.
Baseball career In mid-1883, Walker left his studies at Michigan and was signed to his first professional baseball contract by William Voltz, manager of the
Toledo Blue Stockings, a
Northwestern League team. As a former sportswriter for the
Cleveland Plain Dealer, Voltz watched Walker play for Oberlin; his signing reunited Walker with his former battery-mate Burket. Although Walker hit in decent numbers, recording a .251 batting average, he became revered for his play behind the plate and his durability during an era where catchers wore little to no protective equipment and injuries were frequent. The Blue Stockings'
ball boy recalled Walker "occasionally wore ordinary lambskin gloves with the fingers slit and slightly padded in the palm; more often he caught barehanded". Nonetheless, he played in 60 of Toledo's 84 games during their championship season. At the core of the team's success, one sportswriter at
Sporting Life pointed out, were Walker and pitcher
Hank O'Day, which he considered "one of the most remarkable batteries in the country." After intense arguments, the motion was dropped, allowing Walker to play. On August 10, 1883, in an exhibition against the
Chicago White Stockings, Chicago's manager
Cap Anson refused to play if Walker was in the lineup. In response,
Charlie Morton, who replaced Voltz as Toledo's manager at mid-season, challenged Anson's ultimatum by not only warning him of the risk of forfeiting gate receipts, but also by starting Walker at right field. Anson is alleged to have said "We'll play this here game, but won't play never no more with the nigger in". The White Stockings won in
extra innings, 7–6. Throughout the 1884 season, Walker regularly caught for ace pitcher
Tony Mullane. Mullane, who described the rookie ballplayer as "the best catcher I ever worked with," purposefully threw pitches that were not signaled just to cross up the catcher. Walker's year was plagued with injuries, limiting him to just 42 games in a 104-game season. For the season, he had a .263 BA, which was top three on his team, but Toledo finished eighth in the pennant race. The rest of the team was also hampered by numerous injuries: circumstances led to Walker's brother, Weldy, joining the Blue Stockings for six games in the outfield. Throughout the 1884 season, Walker continued to deal with issues simply because of his race. One notable example came in September of 1884, when the Blue Stockings were preparing to face the Richmond Virginians. Richmond did not want to face Walker, so they penned a letter to the Blue Stockings manager, stating, "We hope you will listen to our words of warning, so there will be no trouble, and if you do not, there certainly will be." Walker wound up not playing in the series anyway, due to a broken hand. At that time, it was revealed that the letter was fake, and was a racist prank signed by fake players. Toledo's team, under financial pressure at season's end, worked to relieve themselves of their expensive contracts. Not yet fully recovered from a rib injury sustained in July, Walker was released by the Blue Stockings on September 22, 1884. During the offseason, Walker took a position as a mail clerk, but returned to baseball in 1885, playing in the
Western League for 18 games. For the second half of 1885, he joined the baseball club in
Waterbury for 10 games. When the season ended, Walker reunited with Weldy in Cleveland to assume the proprietorship of the LeGrande House, an
opera theater and hotel. Billed as the "Spanish battery" by fans, Stovey recorded 35 wins in the season, while Walker posted career highs in games played,
fielding percentage, and BA. Walker followed Newark's manager
Charlie Hackett to the
Syracuse Stars in 1888. Although he slumped at the plate during his two years playing for the Stars, he was popular among Syracuse fans, so much so that Walker was their unofficial spokesman and established business ties in the city. On August 23, 1889, Walker was released from the team; he was the last African-American to play in the International League until
Jackie Robinson. Bricklayer Patrick "Curly" Murray, approached Walker and reportedly threw a stone at his head, dazing him. Walker responded by fatally stabbing Murray with a pocket knife. After a brief chase, Walker surrendered to police, claiming
self-defense, but was charged with
second-degree murder (lowered from first-degree murder). On June 3, 1891, Walker was found
not guilty by an all-white jury. He returned to Steubenville to work for the postal service, handling letters for the Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railroad. On June 12, 1895, Walker's wife Arabella died of
cancer at 32 years old; he remarried three years later to Ednah Mason, another former Oberlin student. He involved himself with the Knights of Pythias and later the Negro Masons. Then in September 1898 Walker was arrested, convicted, and sentenced to one year in prison for
mail robbery which he served in Miami County and Jefferson County Jail. After his release during the turn of the century, Walker jointly owned the Union Hotel in Steubenville with Weldy and managed the Opera House, a movie theater in nearby
Cadiz.
Our Home Colony Walker expanded upon his works about
race theory in
The Equator by publishing the book
Our Home Colony (1908). Regarded as "the most learned book a professional athlete ever wrote,"
Our Home Colony shared Walker's thesis on the victimization of the black race and a proposal for African-Americans to
emigrate back to Africa.
Death Ednah died on May 26, 1920. Widowed again, Walker sold the Opera House and managed the Temple Theater in Cleveland with Weldy. On May 11, 1924, Walker died of
lobar pneumonia at 67 years of age. His body was buried at
Union Cemetery-Beatty Park next to his first wife. == Legacy ==