Beginnings (1982–1988) of the band
Death, depicted here on tour in Scotland in 1992 Death metal emerged as a genre during the mid-1980s, primarily out of
thrash metal. In the early- to mid-1980s, the European bands
Venom,
Bathory,
Celtic Frost (and its predecessor
Hellhammer),
Sodom,
Destruction, and
Kreator performed a more extreme style of heavy metal music that set sonic and lyrical templates for the thrash,
black, and death metal genres. The American band
Slayer also influenced what would become death metal, featuring graphic lyrics dealing with death, dismemberment, war, and the horrors of
hell. However, the California band
Possessed, which formed in 1983, is generally considered to have released first true death metal recording,
Seven Churches, in 1985. Within the state of Florida, the band
Savatage, formed in 1978 in
Tarpon Springs as Avatar, was highly influential on local aspiring musicians.
Morrisound Recording, founded in 1981 in Tampa, picked up Avatar and released the band's debut album,
City Beneath the Surface, in 1982. Tom Morris, co-owner of Morrisound, states that his studio attempted to emulate the production values of fellow Metal Blade bands
Metallica and
Slayer. "Those albums had heavy production, and we were like, 'We should try that'".
Nasty Savage formed in 1982 in
Brandon, Florida, a town in the Tampa Bay Area, and quickly attracted attention for its gruesome
shock rock. The band soon added a second guitarist, and began playing more intricate and unusual time signatures, signature riffs, and
diminished scales. Inspired by Nasty Savage, the Mantas took that band's sound and turned it deeper and more sinister. However, the group was quickly reformed under a new name, Death, and released several more demos,
Reign of Terror (1984),
Infernal Death (1985), and
Mutilation (1986). Starting in 1985, Death performed along with Nasty Savage at Ruby's and then later at Sunset Club. When Rick Rozz and Kam Lee refused to relocate to California to record an album, Schuldiner left without them and formed a new lineup in California. Rozz and Lee helped form the band
Massacre, only to rejoin Death when Schuldiner moved back to Florida in time to record
Leprosy, which was released in 1988. Another Tampa-based,
Morbid Angel, formed in 1983 and, like Nasty Savage, garnered attention for its gruesome stage antics. Morbid Angel recorded a full-length album,
Abominations of Desolation, in 1986, but did not release it as the group was dissatisfied with the results. After
Pete Sandoval from the California
grindcore band
Terrorizer joined Morbid Angel, the band finally released its debut album,
Altars of Madness, in 1989. Inspired by Nasty Savage, Death, Morbid Angel, and Savatage, in 1984 the band
Obituary, then known as Xecutioner, formed. Vocalist John Tardy later explained that the aforementioned artists "really got me into it, got our band started. They made us want to be as heavy as we possibly could." The band signed to Roadrunner Records and changed its name to Obituary in order to avoid confusion with other bands with the name "Executioner".
Peak period (1989–1994) ,
Paul Masvidal, manager
Eric Greif,
Bill Andrews, and
Chuck Schuldiner The Morbid Angel release
Altars of Madness set a new precedent for heavy metal bands. AllMusic writer Jason Birchmeier states that "With the arguable exception of Chuck Schuldiner's Death, never before had a heavy metal band carried their lightning-fast guitar riffs and equally spellbinding guitar solos into such horrific territory." Vocalist David Vincent took influence from Schuldiner and the emerging English grindcore scene for his snarled vocal delivery, and lyrically Morbid Angel took the Satanic themes of previous groups such as Slayer and Venom to new, greater extremes. The two other former members agreed to re-locate from California to Florida, and Terrorizer re-formed to record
World Downfall, with Morbid Angel's David Vincent filling in as a bass guitarist. The band
Atheist, which formed in 1984, released their debut album,
Piece of Time, in 1989 in Europe, but it took another year before the album would be released in the United States. Featuring "death-jazz", a mixture of death metal with
jazz-rock, the dense, highly technical album, with shifting tempos, non-linear and dissonant riffs, proved challenging even for a death metal audience. Seeking better production quality and the thriving local scene,
Cannibal Corpse of Buffalo, New York, in 1990 relocated to Florida, like their Buffalo compatriots Malevolent Creation had done a few years prior. The bassist
Alex Webster states that "Morrisound was the first studio in the United States — well, the world, really — that had a handle on what to do." In the same year, Deicide released their debut album, which featured riffs and solos in the style of Slayer and multi-layered vocals, and Death released
Spiritual Healing, a record which demonstrated a shift by the band into a cleaner production approach and slower, more technical instrumentation and more refined songwriting. Nocturnus also released their debut album,
The Key, which with its science fiction themes and use of keyboards was very atypical and pioneering for the genre. and Death released
Human.
Human saw Death continue its development of a technical and progressive style, abandoned the previous themes of
zombies and gore in favor of more philosophical and political lyrics, and featured the talents of Paul Masvidal and Sean Reinart of the then-unsigned Cynic. Though Morbid Angel and Death fared well, tragedy struck the band Atheist, which, while on tour with
Candlemass in February 1991, suffered a tour bus crash which claimed the life of bassist
Roger Patterson. The band decide to continue with the recording for their next album and dedicate it to their lost band-mate, for whom
Tony Choy filled in to complete the needed bass work. The final product,
Unquestionable Presence, was released in October of that year. Both more intricate and accessible than the band's previous record, with complicated time signatures,
slap bass, dissonant and speedy riffs, and enigmatic lyrics, the recording is considered one of the scene's ultimate progressive metal outputs. James Hinchcliffe, in a retrospective in
Terrorizer, described
Unquestionable Presence as "the very pinnacle of scorching yet brain-twisting technical metal." In 1992,
Monstrosity debuted with
Imperial Doom, but then after some touring saw its original band lineup fall apart. Nocturnus, shortly after its third, self-titled 1993 release, disbanded. Death continued to further develop their progressive sound, releasing
Individual Thought Patterns in 1993. Taking the technicality seen previously on
Human to an even greater level,
Individual Thought Patterns cemented Death's reputation as not only one of death metal's founders, but as "one of its most creative, musically proficient, and listenable bands." Morbid Angel released
Covenant in 1993. The latter marked the high point for death metal not only in Florida but in the genre as a whole. It was lauded by audiences and critics, and experienced, for the genre, immense commercial success, selling over 127,000 copies. Michael Nelson of
Stereogum retroactively summarized it as "not just the best death metal album ever, but the best-selling death metal album, too." Cynic, after a planned tour in Europe with the Dutch band
Pestilence fell through when Pestilence disbanded, decided to disband as well.
Decline (1994–2001) Encouraged by the financial success of
Covenant, other major labels such as
Columbia Records picked up numerous death metal bands. However, subsequent death metal releases did not sell nearly as well as
Covenant, and these bands were dropped from their major labels over the next few years. Much of death metal's audience turned their attention to
grunge and the
early Norwegian black metal scene. Concurrent with this, the scene began fracturing into sub-genres, and many bands lost their creative and artistic impetus. Some bands, such as Morbid Angel, Deicide, Monstrosity, Malevolent Creation, and Cannibal Corpse, persisted through the decline. Cannibal Corpse released
The Bleeding in 1994, which while slower and catchier than previous releases was still as successful. The follow-up,
Vile, released in 1996, brought more notoriety and popularity to the band after Senator
Bob Dole criticized the band for its vulgarity. In place of Barnes, Cannibal Corpse recruited George "Corpsegrinder" Fisher from Monstrosity, after that band completed the recordings for 1996's
Millennium. In 1995,
Hibernus Mortis formed in
Miami and for years was the only death metal band representing
South Florida (Cynic having already disbanded). Morbid Angel grew increasingly popular with the release of
Domination in 1995 and the more aggressive and complex
Formulas Fatal to the Flesh in 1998. Deicide released
Once Upon the Cross in 1995 and
Serpents of the Light in 1997, but then encountered trouble with
Roadrunner Records as the label had become apathetic to the death metal genre. Eric Rutan from Morbid Angel left that band and formed
Hate Eternal in 1997. He also founded the recording studio Mana. Schuldiner then concentrated on recording with Control Denied, which released its
first album in 1999. In 2000, Schuldiner was diagnosed with a malignant brain tumor. Despite fundraising and support efforts from the metal scene, Schuldiner died from the disease in December 2001. Nocturnus reformed in 1999 and released a third studio album,
Ethereal Tomb, only to disband once again in 2002. Hibernus Mortis disbanded in 2006 then reformed six years later. In 2009, the album
Torture by Cannibal Corpse reached No. 38 on the
Billboard 200. Former members of Death in 2012 formed a
tribute band, "Death to All", in honor of the late Chuck Schuldiner and subsequently have gone on several
charity tours. Also in 2012, the
Reuters reporter Andy Sullivan wrote about how the decision by the
Republican Party to hold its
2012 convention in Tampa was considered ironic by some, such as
AllMusic's Steve Huey, because of the seeming contrast between the lyrics and thematic imagery of the city's death metal bands and the espoused values of the Republican Party. The musicians themselves expressed ambivalence to the decision. The story in
Reuters prompted
Rachel Maddow to document the Tampa scene on the "Debunktion Junction" portion of
her show on
MSNBC. In 2015, Nocturnus reformed under the moniker Nocturnus AD, and released a fourth album in 2019. In 2015, Jim and Tom Morris decided to sell their Morrisound studio location to
Trans-Siberian Orchestra (a spin-off of Savatage) and relocate. Tom explained that "We designed our facility on 56th Street to be a world class studio for the 1980s and '90s. The entire recording paradigm had a major shift that started in the late '90s and moved drastically after 2001." Obituary in the 2010s worked to reinvigorate the local Tampa scene. In 2016, vocalist John Tardy launched the Florida Metal Fest, with a debut lineup including Obituary,
Corrosion of Conformity, Deicide, Malevolent Creation, and seven other bands. "It feels like it's back where metal is being paid attention to and being respected in America like it was 25 years ago", says Tardy. == Impact and legacy ==