Fort Belknap Indian Reservation

In October 1855, near the confluence of the Judith and Missouri Rivers, the Blackfoot Confederacy signed an agreement to remain at peace with other Native American tribes and with citizens of the United States. The Nakoda Nation, along with the Lakota, Dakota, Mandan, Arikara, Hidatsa, Cheyenne, and Arapaho, had signed the Treaty of Fort Laramie in 1851 with the United States government in what is now North Dakota. These treaties established the tribes' sacred territories within the continental United States. The Fort Belknap Reservation was established in 1888 in north-central Montana. It comprises a small portion of their vast ancestral territory. Their former territory extended across all of north-central and eastern Montana and portions of western North Dakota. Fort Belknap Reservation was named after William W. Belknap, the secretary of war in President Ulysses S. Grant's administration. Belknap was later impeached for corruption. The origins of the name Aaniiih, (meaning the White Clay People) is unclear. Many believe that they painted themselves with white clay found along the Saskatchewan River for ceremony, like the northern Arapaho. Early French fur trappers and traders named this tribe Gros Ventre. Other tribes in the area referred to them as the " Water Falls People". Lacking a common language, they used physical signs to indicate some terms. The sign for waterfall was the passing of the hands over the stomach. The French traders interpreted this as meaning "big belly" and called the Aaniiih the Gros Ventre, meaning "big belly" in the French language. The Nakoda (meaning the Generous Ones) split with the Yanktonai Sioux in the 17th century. They migrated from the Minnesota woodlands westward onto the northern plains with their allies, the Plains Cree. The Chippewa called the Nakoda as the Assiniboine people in their language, an Ojibwe word meaning "one who cooks with stones". The Nakoda would heat rocks and put them in rawhide pots to heat water and cook food. The Nakoda peoples live on both the Fort Belknap and Fort Peck Indian Reservations in Montana and on several reserves in Saskatchewan and Alberta, Canada, where they are generally known as Stoney. The Aaniiih and Nakoda were nomadic hunters and warriors. They followed the bison, commonly called buffalo, for seasonal hunting; they made use of all parts of the massive animals, for food, clothing, cord, tools, etc. Their food, clothing, and teepees were all derived from the buffalo. The buffalo was the Indian "staff of life", supporting the nomadic cultures of the Nakoda, Aaniih, and other Plains tribes. The last wild herd of buffalo in the continental United States in the 19th century roamed between the Bear Paw Mountains and the Little Rocky Mountains in the lush Milk River valley of Montana. ==Economy and landholdings==

The two tribes are united as one federally recognized government called the Fort Belknap Indian Community. Together, the tribes have formed and maintained a community that has deep respect for its land, its culture, and its heritage. Fort Belknap derives its name from the original military and trading post established on the Milk River. The town of Harlem, Montana, developed about northeast of the fort. Land Buy-Back Program Generations after allotment was made of communal lands 94 years ago to individual tribal households under the Dawes Act, control has become split up among thousands of descendants of original allottees in many federally recognized tribes. The Fort Belknap Reservation has been described as one of the most fractionated in the country in terms of its landholdings, with an estimated 75% of land on the reservation being fractionated under individual owners. The tribes on these reservations introduced the bison to their local ranges, a century after they were exterminated in the area. The Fort Belknap Indian Community Grassland Restoration Project is a partnership between the reservation and the Bureau of Land Management. In December 2021, 30 swift fox (Vulpes velox) individuals from Colorado were transported to the reserve and reintroduced, after swift foxes were extirpated from the area 50 years before. Black-footed ferrets have also been reintroduced. ==Communities==

• Fort Belknap Agency • Hays • Lodge Pole ==Notable Aaniiih==

• Minerva Allen (1934 – 2024), poet and educator • George Horse-Capture (1937 – 2013), an anthropologist and author, became a curator at the Plains Indian Museum and the National Museum of the American Indian. • Theresa Lamebull (1896 – August 2007), a supercentenarian, was believed to have been be the oldest living member of the A'aninin Tribe of Montana and possibly the oldest Native American ever recorded. • James Welch (1940 – August 4, 2003) was an award-winning author and poet. He wrote the novel Winter in the Blood ==References ==