The
Great Game was a long period of dispute between the British and Russian empires from circa 1813 to 1907, reflecting British concerns about the security of its Indian empire as the empire expended southwards; and played out in competitions for strategic control of Afghanistan, Persia, the Central Asian khanates/emirates and the British trade-route to India. In The Great Game, the forward policy, or forward school, was identified with arguments for the annexation of, or the control of foreign policy of, states and territories on the Indian border. The policy came with a number of costs: of armies deployed to secure territory, or subsidies to client states; as well as
opportunity costs such as the increased risk of revolt in other parts of India should troops be moved to the frontier. The forward policy stood in contrast with the "
masterly inactivity" or "backward school" of policy, which saw the geography of the subcontinent, especially the Himalayas, as sufficient protection against Russian encroachment, and which was less risky and of lower cost. Support for and dominancy of the two policies varied across time and place, with changes of government and circumstance. In Britain,
Gladstone and the
Liberals are identified with the backward school,
Disraeli and the
Conservatives with the forward. Amongst India hands
Lord Wellesley, an early
Governor-General of India, supported the policy, as did his acolyte
John Malcolm and less exalted staff such as
William Moorcroft Sir Henry Rawlinson was a strong advocate of the forward policy, notably in his
England and Russia in the East (1875) .
Charles Metcalfe, 1st Baron Metcalfe, a member of the Supreme Council of India and later
Governor General of Bengal, favoured the opportunity for consolidation offered by "masterful inactivity". Contention between the two played out at local as well as national levels: Sandeman's forward policy in
Balochistan was at a complete variance with his colleague's approaches in neighbouring frontier areas. The
Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907 settled
British-Russian relations by defining borders and spheres of influence sufficiently to enable Britain to bring its forward policy to an end. == See also ==