Scapular fracture

A scapular fracture is a fracture of the scapula, the shoulder blade. The scapula is sturdy and located in a protected place, so it rarely breaks. When it does, it is an indication that the individual was subjected to a considerable amount of force and that severe chest trauma may be present. High-speed vehicle accidents are the most common cause. This could be anywhere from a car accident, motorcycle crash, or high speed bicycle crash but falls and blows to the area can also be responsible for the injury. Signs and symptoms are similar to those of other fractures: they include pain, tenderness, and reduced motion of the affected area although symptoms can take a couple of days to appear. Imaging techniques such as X-ray are used to diagnose scapular fracture, but the injury may not be noticed in part because it is so frequently accompanied by other, severe injuries that demand attention. The injuries that usually accompany scapular fracture generally have the greatest impact on the patient's outcome. However, the injury can also occur by itself; when it does, it does not present a significant threat to life. Treatment involves pain control and immobilizing the affected area, and, later, physical therapy.

Signs and symptoms

As with other types of fractures, scapular fracture may be associated with pain localized to the area of the fracture, tenderness, swelling, and crepitus (the crunching sound of bone ends grinding together). Signs and symptoms may be masked by other injuries that accompany the scapular fracture. ==Causes==

Causes

Usually, it takes a large amount of energy to fracture the scapula; the force may be indirect but is more often direct. In cardiopulmonary resuscitation, the chest is compressed significantly; scapular fracture may occur as a complication of this technique. ==Anatomy==

Anatomy

The scapula has a body, neck, and spine; any of these may be fractured. The most commonly injured areas are the scapular body, spine, neck, and glenoid rim; the scapular body or neck is injured in about 80% of cases. Fractures that occur in the body may be vertical, horizontal, or comminuted (involving multiple fragments). Those that occur in the neck are usually parallel to the glenoid fossa. When they occur in the glenoid fossa, fractures are usually small chips out of the bone or extensions of fractures occurring in the scapular neck. The scapula is protected from the front by the ribcage and chest, and from the back it is protected by a thick layer of muscles. Also, the scapula is able to move, so traumatic forces exerted on it are dissipated, not absorbed by the bone. Thus a large amount of force is required to fracture it. Image:Pectoral girdles-en.svg|The scapula, on left. Image:Gray205 left scapula lateral view.png|Lateral view of the left scapula ==Diagnosis==

Diagnosis

Most fractures of the scapula can be seen on a chest X-ray; however, they may be missed during examination of the film. Serious associated injuries may distract from the scapular injury, and diagnosis is often delayed. Computed tomography may also be used. Scapular fractures can be detected in the standard chest and shoulder radiographs that are given to patients who have had significant physical trauma, but much of the scapula is hidden by the ribs on standard chest X-rays. Therefore, if scapular injury is suspected, more specific images of the scapular area can be taken. Classification Body fractures Described based upon anatomic location Neck fractures ====Coracoid process fractures==== ====Acromion fractures==== ====Glenoid fossa fractures==== Described by the Ideberg classification ==Treatment==

Treatment

Treatment involves pain medication and immobilization at first; later, physical therapy is used. Movement exercises are begun within at least a week of the injury; with these, fractures with little or no displacement heal without problems. ==Epidemiology==

Epidemiology

Scapular fracture is present in about 1% of cases of blunt trauma Thus when the scapula is fractured, other injuries such as abdominal and chest trauma are automatically suspected. Fractures that occur in the scapular body are the type most likely to be accompanied by other injuries; other bony and soft tissue injuries accompany these fractures 80–95% of the time. Associated injuries can be serious and potentially deadly, and usually it is the associated injuries, rather than the scapular fracture, that have the greatest effect on the outcome. Scapular fractures can also occur by themselves; when they do, the death rate (mortality) is not significantly increased. The mean age of people affected is 35–45 years. ==Notes==

Source: Wikipedia ↗

tickerdossier.com tickerdossier.substack.com