Frances Cress Welsing

Early life and education Welsing was born Frances Luella Cress in Chicago on March 18, 1935. Her father, Henry Noah Cress, was a physician, and her mother, Ida Mae Griffin, was a teacher. She was the middle child of three girls, her elder sister named Lorne, and the younger Barbara. In 1957, she earned a B.S. degree at Antioch College, in Yellow Springs, Ohio. In 1962, Welsing received an M.D. from Howard University. In the 1960s, Welsing moved to Washington, D.C., and worked at many hospitals, especially children's hospitals. Career While Welsing was an assistant professor at Howard University, she formulated her first body of work in 1969, The Cress Theory of Color-Confrontation. She self-published it in 1970. In 1992, Welsing published The Isis Papers: The Keys to the Colors. The book is a compilation of essays that she had written over 18 years. The title was inspired by the ancient Egyptian goddess Isis. According to Welsing, all the names of the gods were significant; however, Welsing specifically chose the name Isis for her admiration of "truth and justice". In her book Welsing talks about the genocide of people of color globally, along with issues faced by black Americans. According to Welsing, the genocide of people of color is caused by white people's inability to produce melanin. The minority status of whites has caused what she calls a preoccupation with white genetic survival. Welsing believed that injustice caused by racism will end when "non-white people worldwide recognize, analyze, understand and discuss openly the genocidal dynamic." She died on January 2, 2016, at the age of 80. Welsing was mourned by Benjamin Chavis, president of the National Newspaper Publishers Association, by Kevin Washington, president of the Association of Black Psychologists, and by Chuck D of Public Enemy, who credited her as inspiration for the album Fear of a Black Planet. ==Views==

In The Isis Papers, she described white people as the genetically defective descendants of recessive genetic mutants. She wrote that due to this "defective" mutation, they may have been forcibly expelled from Africa, among other possibilities. Racism, in the views of Welsing, is a conspiracy "to ensure white genetic survival". She attributed AIDS and addiction to crack cocaine and other substances to "chemical and biological warfare" by white people. ==Criticisms==

Welsing's beliefs surrounding melanin have been criticized as pseudoscientific. She claimed that melanin gives Black people supernatural powers such as extrasensory perception. She gave as an example George Washington Carver, saying that his melanin enabled plants to talk to him and reveal their nutritional qualities. Welsing caused controversy after she said that homosexuality among African-Americans was a ploy by white males to decrease the black population, arguing that the emasculation of the black man was a means to prevent the procreation of black people. == Personal life ==

In 1961, she met Johannes Kramer Welsing, a Ghanaian, while enrolled at Howard University Medical School. They eventually married but had no children. ==Film appearances==

• Welsing appeared in the documentary 500 Years Later (2005), directed by Owen Alik Shahadah, and written by M. K. Asante. • Welsing also appeared in Hidden Colors: The Untold History of People of Aboriginal, Moor, and African Descent, a 2011 documentary film by Tariq Nasheed. ==Works==

• The Isis Papers: The Keys to the Colors, Chicago: Third World Press, c 1992 (3rd printing); , . ==References==