to celebrate the marriage of the Duke with Princess
Adelgunde of Bavaria Born in Modena on 1 June 1819, Francis was baptised 5 days after birth by the local archbishop in the local cathedral; Emperor
Francis I of Austria, the former
Holy Roman Emperor, was his godfather, but his uncle
Archduke Ferdinand acted as proxy for the emperor. In 1826
Francis IV of Modena appointed Count Clemente Coronini as tutor to Francis, with Don Pietro Raffaelli, who would later become Bishop of
Carpi and Reggio, as his assistant. In 1829, Baron Ernest Geramb became Francis's new tutor. On 15 September 1836, Francis became a Knight of the Austrian
Order of the Golden Fleece, and 3 years later he received the Grand Cordon of the
Order of the Netherlands Lion. After the death of his mother in 1840, Francis was considered the legitimate heir to the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland by
Jacobites as
Francis I. At his death his younger brother's daughter
Maria Theresa of Austria-Este became Jacobite claimant. On 30 March 1842, Francis married Princess
Adelgunde of Bavaria, daughter of King
Ludwig I of Bavaria, in the
Allerheiligen-Hofkirche at the
Munich Residenz. The Archbishop of Munich-Freising was the chief officiant of the wedding. The couple had only one child, Princess Anna Beatrice (19 October 1848 in
Gries,
Bolzano – 8 July 1849 in
Modena). In 1842, Francis received another order: the
Order of the Most Holy Annunciation. At the death of his father
Francis IV of Modena on 21 January 1846, Francis succeeded as reigning duke of Modena. As member of a
cadet branch of the House of
Habsburg-Lorraine he also bore the titles of an
Archduke of Austria and a Prince Royal of
Hungary and
Bohemia from birth; from his father he inherited also the titles of
Duke of Reggio and
Mirandola, Duke of
Massa, Prince of
Carrara and
Lunigiana. At the death of his cousin the Duchess
Marie-Louise of Parma on 18 December 1847, he succeeded as
Duke of Guastalla. During the
revolutions of 1848, Francis was forced to flee his duchy by a popular uprising and was restored by Austrian troops in the following year. In 1855, Francis established his own new order: the
Order of the Eagle of Este, of which he acted as
Grand Master. In 1859 the
Duchy of Modena was invaded by armies of
France and
Sardinia in the
Second Italian War of Independence. On 11 June, Francis fled and his government was overthrown on 14 June. The duchy was incorporated into the
United Provinces of Central Italy. On 18 March 1860, King
Victor Emanuel II of Sardinia ordered Modena to be incorporated into the new
Kingdom of Italy. Francis protested against this four days later. After the loss of his duchy, Francis withdrew to
Vienna, where he lived in the
Palais Modena. He also had a summer residence at
Schloss Wildenwart in
Bavaria. Although he spent most of his time in Austria he occasionally traveled and in 1864, he visited the Middle East. On 7 March 1861,
William Ewart Gladstone, the British
Chancellor of the Exchequer, made a verbal attack against Francis in the House of Commons, primarily accusing Francis of having violated criminal procedure by imposing excessive punishments.
Constantine Phipps, Marquess of Normanby, published a book later that year rebutting all of Gladstone's charges against Francis. Francis died at Vienna on 20 November 1875. He left most of his huge estate to his 2nd cousin twice removed
Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, who subsequently used the title Archduke of
Austria-Este in keeping with the strict terms of the will. Francis's remains were kept at the
Capuchin Church in Vienna. ==Ancestors==