The Early Berkeley Years Asaro went to college at age sixteen during World War II and earned both his undergraduate and Ph.D. degrees in chemistry from the
University of California, Berkeley. For his doctorate, he worked with Professor
Isadore Perlman on alpha decay processes in nuclear chemistry. Asaro and Perlman collaborated over the next fourteen years on studies of nuclear structure. It was during this time that they developed a high-precision technique of
neutron activation analysis that has become a standard for determining the origin of ancient artifacts, in particular pottery.
The Colossi of Memnon In 1973, Asaro and his colleagues embarked on a study of the
Colossi of Memnon, two statues of Pharaoh Amenhotep III that have stood for 3400 years in the Theban necropolis, across the River
Nile from the modern city of
Luxor. Collaborating with Professor
Robert Heizer and his research group in the Department of Anthropology and Archaeological Research at the University of California, Berkeley, the Asaro group analyzed the stone used to construct the statues. Erected in the early 14th century BCE as guardians of the
Mortuary Temple, the two 50-foot monoliths consist of a quartzose sandstone rock (
quartzite) formed by quartz particles cemented with iron oxide. Archeologists had once believed that all the stone used to create the statues came from a quarry about away from the temple site, near
Aswan. Asaro's group determined that the original rock used to build the statues actually came from quarries 420 miles away in
Cairo,
Egypt and was transported overland to the final site, a remarkable feat of engineering for that time. Using neutron activation analysis, Asaro and his co-workers showed that the stone from Aswan was only used to repair the upper half of the northern statue, which had been knocked over in an earthquake about 27 and reconstructed by Roman emperor
Septimius Severus about .
The Plate of Brass The Plate of Brass, also known as
Drake's Plate, is an artifact that English explorer
Francis Drake purportedly left on the coast of what is now Marin County, in the San Francisco Bay Area of California, after his ship the
Golden Hinde landed there in 1579. However, in 1977, Asaro and his colleague Helen Michel used neutron activation analysis to determine that the zinc content in the composition of the plate was too high and the impurity levels too low to come from techniques of sixteenth century English for working with brass. Instead, the plate was mostly likely manufactured in the first half of the nineteenth century or later. His part in the work began when
Nobel Prize–winning physicist
Luis Alvarez and his son, geologist
Walter Alvarez, asked Asaro to look for iridium in samples of earth from the layer between the Cretaceous and
Paleogene periods. Their purpose was to discover if the composition of the boundary layer that represented the transition between those two periods could provide insight into how many years the layer represented. Asaro told the Alvarezes that the amount of iridium present in such samples of the Earth would almost certainly be too small to detect. However, he was interested in the project and agreed to perform the analysis, working with colleague Helen Michel. When they discovered remarkably high levels of iridium, he believed they had done the analysis incorrectly. He and Michel repeated the tests many times before bringing their results to Alvarez. Walter Alvarez has written, "Frank hunts down potential mistakes with the ruthlessness of a counterspy, triple checks everything, and then checks it again .... We know today what killed the dinosaurs because of Frank Asaro's ability to make these remarkable measurements." The results were soon confirmed, not only for the samples provided by Alvarez, but independently by other groups around the world. That discovery resulted in the group, led by Luis Alvarez, to propose that an asteroid collided with the Earth and caused the mass extinctions. Asaro himself felt that while mass extinction of many species was well-supported by plentiful fossil records, the smaller number of dinosaur fossils available worldwide made pinpointing cause of their extinction more difficult. In the March 5, 2010, edition of
Science, an international panel of experts in geology, paleontology and related fields published the results of their exhaustive review of the data, ruling in favor of the asteroid theory. ==Legacy==