Early career Frederick II was the eldest son of Duke
Frederick I of Swabia and his wife
Agnes of Waiblingen, a daughter of the
Salian emperor
Henry IV. He succeeded his father in 1105 and together with his brother Conrad continued the extension and consolidation of the Hohenstaufen estates. Frederick had numerous castles erected along the
Rhine river and in the
Alsace region. Frederick accompanied King
Henry V on his campaign against
King Coloman of Hungary in 1108. In 1110, he and Henry V embarked on an expedition to
Italy, where in
Rome Henry enforced his
coronation by
Pope Paschal II. In turn, the emperor appointed Conrad
Duke of Franconia and both brothers German
regents when he left for his second Italian campaign in 1116, who put down a revolt by Archbishop
Adalbert of Mainz. About 1120 Frederick married
Judith, a daughter of Duke
Henry IX of Bavaria and member of the powerful
House of Welf. Their first son
Frederick was born in 1122.
Salian war of succession Upon the death of Emperor Henry V in 1125, the Salian dynasty became extinct. Frederick II, Henry's nephew, stood for
election as King of the Romans with the support of his younger brother Conrad and several princely houses. However, he lost in the tumultuous round of elections, led by Archbishop Adalbert of Mainz, to the
Saxon duke
Lothair II. Frederick at first rendered homage to the new king, however, he refused the feudal oath and insisted on the inheritance of the Salian family estates along the
Middle Rhine. At the 1125
Hoftag diet in
Regensburg, the king officially requested the surrender of the Salian possessions. After he imposed an
Imperial ban on the Hohenstaufens, a conflict erupted between Frederick and his supporters, and Lothair: encouraged by Archbishop Adalbert and several princes, the king occupied Hohenstaufen lands in
Upper Lorraine and Alsace. However, an attack by Welf forces on the Swabian core territory failed, like the siege of
Nuremberg by Lothair in 1127. Frederick relieved the siege and moreover gained the support from his brother Conrad, who had just returned from a pilgrimage to the
Holy Land. During the fighting, Frederick lost an eye, whereafter he was no longer eligible as German king. In December 1127 Conrad declared himself King of the Romans, while the next year Duke Frederick II occupied the Salian city of
Speyer. The attempt of Duke
Henry X of Bavaria to capture his brother-in-law Frederick during the negotiations failed. However, afterwards the supporters of Lothair won a number of victories both in Germany and in Italy. Speyer (1129), Nuremberg (1130) and
Ulm (1134) were captured; moreover Frederick's consort Judith of Bavaria died in 1130. His second wife, Agnes of Saarbrücken, was a niece of his old enemy Adalbert of Mainz; Frederick married her about 1132. After Lothair was crowned emperor in 1133, Frederick saw himself stuck between the Saxon and Bavarian forces. He eventually submitted to him in the spring of 1135 at
Bamberg. Both were finally reconciled and Emperor Lothair renounced further attacks against the Hohenstaufens.
Last years After Lothair's death in 1137 and the following election of Conrad as King of the Romans, Frederick supported his brother in the struggle with the Welfs. According to
Otto of Freising, Frederick was "so faithful a knight to his sovereign and so helpful a friend to his uncle that by valor he supported the tottering honor of the realm, fighting manfully against its foes..." Duke Frederick II died in 1147 at
Alzey. He was buried at the Benedictine abbey of
Walburg in Alsace. His son Frederick succeeded him as Swabian duke and was elected German king (as Frederick Barbarossa) in 1152. ==Marriage and children==