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Freedom of Information Order (Philippines)

Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte signed Executive Order No. 02, also known as the Freedom of Information (FOI) Program, on July 23, 2016, in Davao City. The executive order established the first freedom of information (FOI) Program in the Philippines covering all government offices under the Executive Branch. It requires all executive departments, agencies, bureaus, and offices to disclose public records, contracts, transactions, and any information requested by a member of the public, except for matters affecting national security and other information that falls under the inventory of exceptions issued by Executive Secretary Salvador Medialdea. The order was signed two days before Duterte delivered his first State of the Nation Address and just three weeks after he assumed the presidency on June 30, 2016. The order includes a long list of exceptions, which, according to media watchdogs, could further restrict access to information.

Background
The Bill of Rights of the Philippine Constitution recognizes the people's right to information on matters of public concern. The Bill of Rights also states, "No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of expression, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the government for redress of grievances." The Philippines is a signatory to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which contain provisions for ensuring freedom of expression and freedom of information. == Provisions of Executive Order No. 02, s. 2016 ==
Provisions of Executive Order No. 02, s. 2016
and Communications Secretary Martin Andanar hand over a copy of the signed, sealed and stamped Executive Order on Freedom of Information to the members of the media coalition and to some members of the Congress during the Executive Order on Freedom of Information symbolic turnover in 2016. The FOI Executive Order provides for full public disclosure of all government records involving public interest, and upholds the constitutional right of people to information on matters of public concern. The Order states: The Order defines "information" to include any The law expansively defines "official records" as "information produced or received by a public officer or employee, or by a government office in an official capacity or pursuant to a public function or duty," while "public records" refer to "information required by laws, executive orders, rules, or regulations to be entered, kept and made publicly available by a government office." The draft list includes information that "directly relates to national security and internal or external defense of the state;" matters of foreign affairs which "could affect ongoing bilateral or multilateral negotiations;" law enforcement matters; and proceedings and investigations being conducted by public authorities. : 1. Information covered by Executive privilege; : 2. Privileged information relating to national security, defense or international relations; : 3. Information concerning law enforcement and protection of public and personal safety; : 4. Information deemed confidential for the protection of the privacy of persons and certain individuals such as minors, victims of crimes, or the accused; : 5. Information, documents or records known by reason of official capacity and are deemed as confidential, including those submitted or disclosed by entities to government agencies, tribunals, boards, or officers, in relation to the performance of their functions, or to inquiries or investigation conducted by them in the exercise of their administrative, regulatory, or quasi-judicial powers; : 6. Prejudicial premature disclosure; : 7. Records of proceedings or information from proceedings which, pursuant to law or relevant rules and regulations, are treated as confidential or privileged; : 8. Matters considered confidential under banking and finance laws, and their amendatory laws; and : 9. Other exceptions to the right to information under laws, jurisprudence, and IRR. People's FOI Manual The Order directs all government offices under the Executive Branch to prepare and submit their own People's FOI Manual within 120 days upon its effectivity. It shall include: As of August 2018, the following agencies have submitted their People's FOI Manuals: • 100% or 190 out of 190 National Government Agencies (NGAs); • 85% or 100 out of 118 GOCCs; • 90% or 101 out of 112 SUCs; and • 34% or 176 out of 521 Local Water Districts (LWDs). Process of requesting information Filipino citizens may access government information either through the standard (paper-based) platform or the Electronic FOI (eFOI) Portal. The request for access to a government document by any member of the public shall be in writing and must include the name and contact information of the requesting party, a valid proof of his identification, the specific information being requested, and the reason or purpose for the request for information. Upon receiving the application, the government official must provide reasonable assistance to the requesting party, and shall respond and notify the applicant of their decision in relation to the request within 15 working days of receiving the request. If access has been denied wholly or in part, reasons must be provided to the applicant. The Order states: "No request for information shall be denied unless it clearly falls under any of the exceptions listed in the inventory or updated inventory of exceptions." The 15 working day response period may be extended to additional 20 working days, in cases where the information being requested requires extensive research or examination of voluminous records. The response period may also be prolonged in the event of unexpected disruption to government services. The government official is then required to notify the applicant of the extension. Failure to notify the requesting party of the action taken on the request within the response period will be viewed as a denial of the request. Sanctions for non-compliance Pursuant to the Order, failure to comply with its provisions may be a ground for administrative and disciplinary sanctions against any erring public officer based on the Revised Rules on Administrative Cases in the Civil Service. Remedies in case of denial A person whose request for access to information has been denied may file an appeal to the Central Appeals and Review Committee of the concerned agency. Written appeal must be filed by the same person making the request within 15 calendar days from the notice of denial or from the lapse of the period to respond to the request. The appeal shall be decided within 30 working days from the filing of said written appeal. Failure of such person or office to decide within the period shall be deemed a denial of the appeal. Upon exhaustion of administrative appeal remedies, the requesting party may file the appropriate judicial action in accordance with the Rules of Court. == The Freedom of Information – Project Management Office ==
The Freedom of Information – Project Management Office
Through Memorandum Order No. 10, s. 2016, the Office of the Executive Secretary (OES) mandated the PCOO to act as the lead implementing agency for the FOI Program. To operationalize this, the PCOO established the Freedom of Information – Project Management Office (FOI-PMO) through PCOO Department Order No. 18, s. 2017. The vision of the FOI-PMO is to regain public trust by revolutionizing how the government discloses information to the citizens and ensuring that government agencies respond to citizen concerns and provide the information they need, all within 15 to 35 working days. Outside the Executive Branch Although the Order only covers agencies under the Executive Branch, LGUs and other government agencies outside the Executive Branch are encouraged to observe and be guided by the Order Ref. As of August 2018, the following offices have submitted their FOI Manuals either in paper and/or digital format, and complied with the provisions in the said Order: • Office of the Ombudsman (OMB) News Art • Commission on Audit News Art Localizing the FOI Program Based on a thorough review of the top requested information from government agencies, it has been found that there is a high demand for local, granular information, News Art such as Internal Revenue Allotments, Regional Development Plans, and information on the Local Government Support Fund. Ref To address this, the PCOO has partnered with the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) to establish measures to promote the issuance of local FOI Ordinances. The local FOI Ordinance serves as the local counterpart of the Order and sets the standards in providing access to information under the jurisdiction of LGUs. News Art A PCOO-DILG Joint Memorandum Circular is currently being drafted to further push and support LGUs in the local implementation of the program. News Art As of August 2018, the following LGUs have already passed their own local FOI Ordinances: • City Government of Laoag; News Art • Provincial Government of Ilocos Norte; News Art • Municipal Government of San Nicolas; Att • Provincial Government of Bohol; News Art and • Provincial Government of Masbate. News Art == The FOI Portal ==
The FOI Portal
The Electronic Freedom of Information (eFOI) website was launched on November 25, 2016. It is an online request platform open to the public that facilitates requests for data and information from various government agencies. == Barriers to access ==
Barriers to access
Media watchdogs said that with the long list of exceptions covered by the Freedom of Information Order, access to information may have become more restricted. According to journalists and fact checking organizations, many documents remain inaccessible despite Duterte's Freedom of Information Order. For example, information about Duterte's health and his Statement of Assets, Liabilities and Net Worth have been withheld from the public. Records relating to the Philippine drug war have also been withheld, despite a Supreme Court order to the Office of the Solicitor General to release drug war records, as these "do not obviously involve state secrets affecting national security". In 2025, Irene Khan, United Nations Special Rapporteur on the promotion of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, said that the Freedom of Information Order lists "overly broad or vaguely framed exemptions", and suggests the passage of a law that would give civil society and mass media more access to information. ==References==
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