Magnificent frigatebird

The magnificent frigatebird was originally considered to belong to the species Fregata aquila but in 1914 the Australian ornithologist Gregory Mathews proposed that the magnificent frigatebird should be considered as a separate species with the binomial name Fregata magnificens. Of the four other species within the genus Fregata, genetic analysis has shown that the magnificent frigatebird is most closely related to the Ascension frigatebird (Fregata aquila). There are two subspecies: • F. m. magnificens - breeds on the Galápagos Islands • F. m. rothschildi - breeds on islands off the Pacific coast of Mexico and Central America, the tropical Atlantic from Florida south to Brazil, and on the Cape Verde islands (where almost extirpated) Prior to 2022, both these subspecies were considered synonymous with one another and grouped under F. m. magnificens. However, they were split by the International Ornithological Congress in 2022 based on a 2011 study which examined genetic and morphological variation in magnificent frigatebirds, finding both expected and also highly unexpected results. As predicted by the flight capacity of the species, the authors found signatures of high gene flow across most of the distribution range. This included evidence of recent gene flow among Pacific and Atlantic localities, likely across the Isthmus of Panama. This geological formation is a strong barrier to movement in most tropical seabirds. However, the same study also found that the magnificent frigatebird on the Galápagos Islands is genetically and morphologically distinct. Based on this study, the Galápagos population has not been exchanging any genes with their mainland counterparts for several hundred thousand years. ==History and etymology==

Christopher Columbus encountered magnificent frigatebirds when passing the Cape Verde Islands on his first voyage across the Atlantic in 1492. His journal for the voyage survives in a version made in the 1530s by Bartolomé de las Casas. The entry for 29 September reads in English: They saw a bird that is called a frigatebird, which makes the boobies throw up what they eat in order to eat it herself, and she does not sustain herself on anything else. It is a seabird, but does not alight on the sea nor depart from land . There are many of these on the islands of Cape Verde. In the 15th century text the name of the bird is written as rabiforçado. The modern Spanish word for a frigatebird is rabihorcado or "forked tail". The word frigatebird derives from the French mariners' name for the bird La Frégate - a frigate or fast warship. The etymology of the name was given by French naturalist Jean-Baptiste du Tertre when describing the magnificent frigatebird in 1667. English mariners referred to frigatebirds as Man-of-War birds. This name was used by the English explorer William Dampier in his book An Account of a New Voyage Around the World published in 1697: The Man-of-War (as it is called by the English) is about the bigness of a Kite, and in shape like it, but black; and the neck is red. It lives on Fish yet never lights on the water, but soars aloft like a Kite, and when it sees its prey, it flys down head foremost to the Waters edge, very swiftly takes its prey out of the Sea with his Bill, and immediately mounts again as swiftly; never touching the Water with his Bill. His Wings are very long; his feet are like other Land-fowl, and he builds on Trees, where he finds any; but where they are wanting on the ground. Like the genus name, the English term is derived from the French mariners' name for the bird la frégate—a frigate or fast warship. The genus name, Fregata has the same source as the English term, and magnificens is Latin for "splendidly", from magnificus, "grand". ==Distribution==

The magnificent frigatebird is widespread in the tropical Atlantic, breeding colonially in trees in Florida, the Caribbean and also along the Pacific coast of the Americas from Mexico to Ecuador, including the Galápagos Islands. One of the largest colonies in the world is located in Codrington Lagoon, Barbuda. It has occurred as a vagrant as far from its normal range as the Isle of Man, Denmark, Spain, England, Nova Scotia, the Magdalen Islands, and British Columbia. ==Description==

The magnificent frigatebird is the largest species of frigatebird. It measures in length, has a wingspan of and weighs . Males are all-black with a scarlet throat pouch that is inflated like a balloon in the breeding season. Although the feathers are black, the scapular feathers produce a purple iridescence when they reflect sunlight, in contrast to the male great frigatebird's green sheen. Females are black but have a white breast and lower neck sides, a brown band on the wings, and a blue eye-ring that is diagnostic of the female of the species. Immature birds have a white head and underparts. This species is very similar to the other frigatebirds and is similarly sized to all but the lesser frigatebird. However, it lacks a white axillary spur, and juveniles show a distinctive diamond-shaped belly patch. The magnificent frigatebird is silent in flight, but makes various rattling sounds at its nest. It spends days and nights on the wing, with an average flapping rate of 2.84 beat per second, ground speed of , covering up to before landing. They alternately climb in thermals, to altitudes occasionally as high as , and descend to near the sea surface. File:Magnificent Frigatebird (Fregata magnificens) -chick in nest.jpg|Chick on a nest File:Juvenile Magnificent Frigatebird Above Isla Isabela.jpg|Juvenile Above Isla Isabela File:Magnificent Frigatebird (Fregata magnificens) -juvenile.jpg|Juvenile File:Magnificent Frigatebird at the Galapagos.jpg|Male with partial inflated throat pouch File:Magnificent-Frigate-juvenile.jpg|Juvenile in flight, Galapagos Islands File:Magnificent-Frigate-male.jpg|Male in flight, Galapagos Islands File:Magnificent-Frigate-female.jpg|Female in flight, Galapagos Islands File:Fregata magnificens -Puerto Vallarta, Mexico -male-8.jpg|Male, Mexico File:Magnificent frigatebird (Fregata magnificens rothschildi) female.jpg|Female, Panama File:Fregata magnificens at Punta Sal Perú.jpg|Males at Punta Sal ==Behaviour==

Breeding )|alt=Egg of Fregata magnificens - MHNT The male bird displays a large, scarlet red throat pouch to attract a female mate. The female descends to join a male she has chosen. A shallow platform nest is constructed on top of both trees and bushes on islands and cays with mangroves. This nest is made of branches and twigs. The bird lays a clutch of one clear white egg that measures on average. This egg is incubated by both sexes for a period of 50 to 60 days. After the egg hatches, the male parent will abandon it, with the female staying to provision for the young for almost a year. sex, and age. It is a kleptoparasite, pecking at other seabirds to force them to disgorge their meals. After forcing the other seabird to regurgitate its meal, the magnificent frigatebird will dive and catch the prey before it hits the surface of the water. == Status ==

The Galápagos population of the magnificent frigatebird may warrant a separate conservation status. This small population of genetically unique magnificent frigatebirds is vulnerable. Any catastrophic event or threats by humans could wipe out the population of approximate two-thousand magnificent frigatebirds that nest on the Galápagos Islands. Magnificent frigatebirds are currently classified as of Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, but because of the genetic uniqueness of those on the Galápagos Islands this may need to be revisited. ==Notes==