Frost/Nixon (film)

After the Watergate scandal of 1972–74, 400 million people worldwide watch on television as former United States President Richard Nixon departs the White House aboard Marine One following his resignation. British talk show host David Frost watches from Australia and is inspired to pursue an interview with Nixon. Irving Lazar, Nixon's agent, believes the interviews would allow Nixon to salvage his reputation and profit financially. Nixon agrees to a deal with Frost. Frost persuades his friend and producer John Birt of the interviews' potential for success and they fly to California to meet Nixon. Frost flirts with Caroline Cushing on the flight, and a relationship develops. Unable to sell the interviews to American networks, Frost finances the project with private money, brokering deals with advertisers and local television stations to syndicate the interviews. Bob Zelnick and Jim Reston are hired to help Frost research and prepare. Reston presses Frost to prioritize getting a confession from Nixon about Watergate. Under scrutiny by Nixon's chief of staff, Jack Brennan, Frost and Nixon embark on the first three recording sessions. Frost is restricted by time limits, and allows Nixon to dominate the sessions regarding the Vietnam War and foreign policy. Frost's team questions his abilities, angry that Nixon has been permitted to rehabilitate his tarnished image. Frost is distracted by poor sponsorship and the cancellation of his talk show in London. Four days before the final interview, on Watergate, Frost receives a phone call from an inebriated Nixon who declares they both know the final interview will make or break their careers. He compares himself to Frost, insisting they both came from humble backgrounds and struggled to reach the top of their fields. Nixon assures Frost he considers the final interview a battle, that he will win. The conversation energizes Frost who works relentlessly to prepare. Reston puts aside his criticism of Frost to pursue a lead at the Federal Courthouse library in Washington. Frost ambushes Nixon in the final interview with damning transcripts of a conversation with Charles Colson that Reston procured. To his team's horror, Nixon admits that he did unethical things, adding, "When the President does it, that means it's not illegal." A stunned Frost is on the verge of obtaining a confession when Brennan disrupts the recording. When the interview resumes, Frost returns to his original line of questioning and Nixon admits he participated in a cover-up and "let the American people down." After the interviews have aired, Frost and Cushing pay a farewell visit to Nixon and the two men graciously thank each other. Frost gives Nixon a pair of Italian shoes identical to the ones Frost wore during the interviews that Nixon had admired. In a private moment, Nixon asks about the night he drunkenly called Frost, implying that he has no recollection of the event. For the first time, Nixon addresses Frost by his first name. Nixon watches Frost and Cushing leave before placing the shoes on the villa's stone railing and solemnly looking out at the sunset. A textual epilogue states that the interviews were wildly successful and that Nixon never escaped controversy until his death from a stroke in 1994. ==Cast==

Other figures and personalities depicted in the film include Tricia Nixon Cox, Michael York, Hugh Hefner, helicopter pilot Gene Boyer (as himself), Raymond Price, Ken Khachigian, Sue Mengers and Jay White as Neil Diamond. To prepare for his role as Richard Nixon, Frank Langella visited the Richard Nixon Presidential Library in Yorba Linda, California, and interviewed many people who had known the former president. On the set, the cast and crew addressed Langella as "Mr. President". Warren Beatty turned down the role of Richard Nixon as he felt that "Nixon was not treated compassionately". ==Release==

Frost/Nixon had its world premiere on October 15, 2008, as the opening film of the 52nd London Film Festival. It was released in three theaters in the United States on December 5 before expanding several times over the following weeks. It was released in the United Kingdom and expanded into wide status in the United States on January 23, 2009. Special features include deleted scenes, the making of the film, the real interviews between Frost and Nixon, the Nixon Presidential Library and a feature commentary with Ron Howard. Opening wide at 1,099 theaters on January 23, 2009, the film grossed $3,022,250 at the box office in the United States and Canada, ranking number 16. Frost/Nixon grossed an estimated $18,622,031 in the United States and Canada and $8,804,304 in other territories for a total of $27,426,335 worldwide, recouping its $25 million budget by a thin margin but making a loss when factoring in the significant promotional costs. Critical response On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 93% based on 258 reviews, with a weighted average score of 8.00/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Frost/Nixon is weighty and eloquent; a cross between a boxing match and a ballet with Oscar worthy performances." Metacritic gives the film an average score of 80 out of 100, based on 38 critics, indicating "generally favorable" reviews. Critic Roger Ebert gave the film four stars, commenting that Langella and Sheen "do not attempt to mimic their characters, but to embody them." Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film 3½ stars, saying that Ron Howard "turned Peter Morgan's stage success into a grabber of a movie laced with tension, stinging wit and potent human drama." Writing for Variety, Liz Smith praised Langella's performance in particular, stating, "by the final scenes, Langella has all but disappeared so as to deliver Nixon himself." René Rodríguez of The Miami Herald gave the film two stars and commented that the picture "pales in comparison to Oliver Stone's Nixon when it comes to humanizing the infamous leader" despite writing that the film "faithfully reenacts the events leading up to the historic 1977 interviews." Manohla Dargis of The New York Times said, "stories of lost crowns lend themselves to drama, but not necessarily audience-pleasing entertainments, which may explain why Frost/Nixon registers as such a soothing, agreeably amusing experience, more palliative than purgative." Awards and nominations ==Historical accuracy==

Both the film and the play take dramatic license with the on-air and behind-the-scene details of the Nixon interviews. Jonathan Aitken, one of Nixon's official biographers who spent much time with the former president at La Casa Pacifica, rebukes the film for its portrayal of a drunken Nixon making a late-night phone call as never having happened. Ron Howard discussed the scene on his feature commentary for the DVD release, pointing out it was a deliberate act of dramatic license, and while Frost never received such a phone call, "it was known that Richard Nixon, during ...the Watergate scandal, had occasionally made midnight phone calls that he couldn't very well recall the following day." According to a 2014 Baltimore Sun article by Jules Witcover, Nixon didn't admit his guilt until he was interviewed in 1983 by former White House aide Frank Gannon (played by Andy Milder in the film). David Edelstein of New York wrote that the film overstates the importance of its basis, the Frost interviews, stating it "elevates the 1977 interviews Nixon gave (or, rather, sold, for an unheard-of $600,000) to British TV personality David Frost into a momentous event in the history of politics and media." Edelstein also noted that "with selective editing, Morgan makes it seem as if Frost got Nixon to admit more than he actually did." Though generally approving, critic Daniel Eagan notes that partisans on both sides have questioned the accuracy of the film's script. Caroline Cushing Graham, in a December 2008 interview, noted that her first trip with Frost was to the Muhammad Ali fight in Zaire, and that the two had been together for more than five years prior to when the film shows the two meeting. She remembered Frost as feeling that he did a pretty good job on every interview, whereas the film depicts him feeling he did a poor job with the first two interviews. She added that while the movie shows Frost driving, in fact they were always chauffeured because he was always making notes for the work he was doing. Diane Sawyer, portrayed in the film in her role as one of Nixon's researchers, said in December 2008 that, "Jack Brennan is portrayed as a stern military guy," citing both the play and what she'd heard about the film version. "And he’s the funniest guy you ever met in your life, an irreverent, wonderful guy. So there you go. It's the movies." ==References==