Fryderyk (in English, "Frederick") Skarbek lived during a complex historic period: beginning in independent Poland, continuing from 1793 in Prussian Poland, later in the
Duchy of Warsaw (1807–13) created by Napoleon, then from 1815 in the
Kingdom of Poland, whose king was the
Tsar of Russia.
Childhood and education (1792-1818) , by
Maria Wodzińska Fryderyk Skarbek was born in
Toruń, son of Kacper Skarbek, whose aristocratic family had roots dating back to medieval times, and of Ludwika Fenger, daughter of a rich Toruń merchant of German descent. He was the first of four children. Around 1800 the family, which had lived at
Izbica Kujawska, moved to
Żelazowa Wola. In 1802 Nicolas Chopin (the composer's father) was hired as the children's teacher. In 1808 Fryderyk graduated from the
Warsaw Lyceum (a secondary school in Warsaw). In 1809 he left for Paris, where he studied economics. He became, while absent in Paris, vicariously godfather to the composer
Frédéric Chopin (1810–49), who had been born on the Skarbek estate in Żelazowa Wola. In 1812 he returned to Poland and worked as a translator in the Duchy's administration; then he devoted some years to local administration of the
Sochaczew district. Skarbek married twice: • in 1818, Prakseda Gzowska (died 1836): they had one child, Józef, who would marry
Chopin's fiancée,
Maria Wodzińska; • in 1838, Pelagia Rutkowska: they had a daughter and two sons, who were several times imprisoned for Polish patriotic activities.
Professor and sociologist In 1818 he became professor of economics at the
University of Warsaw. He received a doctorate from the
University of Kraków in 1819. In 1820-30 he published several books on economics, in Polish (1821, 1824) and in French (1829). Under the influence of
Stanislaw Staszic, he became interested in questions concerning the poor, charity houses, and prisons; he worked for the department of prisons and charitable establishments of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. When in 1828 he went to Paris to publish a book, the government commissioned him to report on prisons in Holland and Great Britain. Upon returning to Warsaw, he designed the
Pawiak prison (completed 1835). He was a pioneer in economic theory, He also authored dramas and novels.
1830-31 crisis from the
Warsaw Society of Friends of Learning building, ca. 1825, by Fryderyk Skarbek Politically, Skarbek favored accommodation with the Russian authorities. In November 1830, at the outbreak of the Polish
November 1830 Uprising against Russia, he was in
Saint Petersburg, Russia, having been summoned by
Tsar Nicholas I to inspect Russian prisons. He remained in Russia for the duration of the Uprising. In March 1831 he became a member of the Provisional Council of the Kingdom, and he returned to Poland only after Warsaw had been captured in September 1831 by Russian General
Ivan Paskevich.
Late career (1832-58) Despite Russian Poland's deteriorating situation under Paskevich as
Namestnik of the Kingdom of Poland (1831–55) — with the changing of the Constitution in 1832, the closing of
Warsaw University in 1833, the promotion of
Russification — Skarbek went on to serve in the administration, as president of the Central Council of Welfare Charity Works, and later as president of the Directorate of Insurance. Tsar Nicholas I awarded him the
Order of Saint Stanislaus, Second Class; and in 1846 gave him the Russian hereditary title of Count, after Skarbek had failed to obtain confirmation of a previous hereditary title of count. In 1854 Skarbek became director of the Justice Committee (Minister of Justice). He retired in 1858 and returned to scholarly and literary work, including his
Memoirs which were published in 1876. He died in Warsaw in 1866, of
sepsis. ==Selected works==