in the late-1990s. The locomotives were originally commissioned by PKP in 1996 and the units were assembled in Poland at
Wrocław Pafawag's plant, designated as
PKP Class EU11 (manufacturer's designation:
Adtranz-Pafawag 113E). After a short operational stint of 8 locomotives on the Warsaw-Berlin line, they were sold to Italy's
Ferrovie dello Stato (FS), which later rechristened them as E.405 in May 2003. They are a development of the similar
E.412, which are however designed for international goods transport and have polycurrent motor equipment (E.405 can operate only on 3000 V direct current lines). They have a maximum speed of with trains up to , although in Italy they can be used only up to ( for goods trains). Thanks to their relatively large initial tractive effort (), they can haul both heavy goods and fast passenger trains. They are mainly in service on the
Brenner Line for goods transport. ==External links==