Fungal infection

Mycoses are traditionally divided into superficial, subcutaneous, or systemic, where infection is deep, more widespread and involving internal body organs. They can affect the nails, vagina, skin and mouth. Some types such as blastomycosis, cryptococcus, coccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis, affect people who live in or visit certain parts of the world. Others such as aspergillosis, pneumocystis pneumonia, candidiasis, mucormycosis and talaromycosis, tend to affect people who are unable to fight infection themselves. Mycoses might not always conform strictly to the three divisions of superficial, subcutaneous and systemic. Some superficial fungal infections can cause systemic infections in people who are immunocompromised. Some subcutaneous fungal infections can invade into deeper structures, resulting in systemic disease. Candida albicans can live in people without producing symptoms, and is able to cause both mild candidiasis in healthy people and severe invasive candidiasis in those who cannot fight infection themselves. ICD-11 codes ICD-11 codes include: • 1F20 Aspergillosis • 1F21 Basidiobolomycosis • 1F22 Blastomycosis • 1F23 Candidosis • 1F24 Chromoblastomycosis • 1F25 Coccidioidomycosis • 1F26 Conidiobolomycosis • 1F27 Cryptococcosis • 1F28 Dermatophytosis • 1F29 Eumycetoma • 1F2A Histoplasmosis • 1F2B Lobomycosis • 1F2C Mucormycosis • 1F2D Non-dermatophyte superficial dermatomycoses • 1F2E Paracoccidioidomycosis • 1F2F Phaeohyphomycosis • 1F2G Pneumocystosis • 1F2H Scedosporiosis • 1F2J Sporotrichosis • 1F2K Talaromycosis • 1F2L Emmonsiosis Superficial mycoses Superficial mycoses include candidiasis in healthy people, common tinea of the skin, such as tinea of the body, groin, hands, feet and beard, and malassezia infections such as pityriasis versicolor. File:Human tongue infected with oral candidiasis.jpg|Oral candidiasis File:Dermatophytosis 20190815-02ASD.jpg|Tinea corporis File:Pityriasis versicolor frontal retouche.jpg|Pityriasis versicolor File:Toefungus.jpg|Onychomycosis Subcutaneous Subcutaneous fungal infections include sporotrichosis, chromoblastomycosis, and eumycetoma. Systemic Systemic fungal infections include histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, coccidioidomycosis, blastomycosis, mucormycosis, aspergillosis, pneumocystis pneumonia and systemic candidiasis. Systemic mycoses due to primary pathogens originate normally in the lungs and may spread to other organ systems. Organisms that cause systemic mycoses are inherently virulent.. Systemic mycoses due to opportunistic pathogens are infections of people with immune deficiencies who would otherwise not be infected. Examples of immunocompromised conditions include AIDS, alteration of normal flora by antibiotics, immunosuppressive therapy, and metastatic cancer. Examples of opportunistic mycoses include Candidiasis, Cryptococcosis and Aspergillosis. ==Signs and symptoms==

Most common mild mycoses often present with a rash. Infections within the skin or under the skin may present with a lump and skin changes. Less common deeper fungal infections may present with pneumonia-like symptoms or meningitis. ==Causes==

Mycoses are caused by certain fungi; yeasts, molds and some fungi that can exist as both a mold and yeast. This includes people with illnesses such as HIV/AIDS, and people taking medicines such as steroids or cancer treatments. Very young and very old people, also, are groups at risk. Individuals being treated with antibiotics are at higher risk of fungal infections. Children whose immune systems are not functioning properly (such as children with cancer) are at risk of invasive fungal infections. COVID-19 During the COVID-19 pandemic some fungal infections have been associated with COVID-19. Fungal infections can mimic COVID-19 and occur at the same time as COVID-19, and more serious fungal infections can complicate COVID-19. The most common serious fungal infections in people with COVID-19 include aspergillosis and invasive candidiasis. COVID-19–associated mucormycosis is generally less common, but in 2021 was noted to be significantly more prevalent in India. ==Mechanism==

Fungal infections occur after spores are breathed in, come into contact with skin or enter the body through a wound. ==Diagnosis==

community hospital. Diagnosis is generally by signs and symptoms, microscopy, biopsy, culture and sometimes with the aid of medical imaging. ==Prevention==

Keeping the skin clean and dry, as well as maintaining good hygiene, will help larger topical mycoses. Because some fungal infections are contagious, it is important to wash hands after touching other people or animals. Sports clothing should also be washed after use. ==Treatment==

Treatment depends on the type of fungal infection, and usually requires topical or systemic antifungal medicines. Pneumocystosis that does not respond to anti-fungals is treated with co-trimoxazole. Sometimes, infected tissue needs to be surgically cut away. ==Epidemiology==

Worldwide, every year fungal infections affect more than one billion people. The figure has been rising, with an estimated 1.7 million deaths from fungal disease reported in 2020. According to the Global Action Fund for Fungal Infections, every year there are over 10 million cases of fungal asthma, around 3 million cases of long-term aspergillosis of lungs, 1 million cases of blindness due to fungal keratitis, more than 200,000 cases of meningitis due to cryptococcus, 700,000 cases of invasive candidiasis, 500,000 cases of pneumocystosis of lungs, 250,000 cases of invasive aspergillosis, and 100,000 cases of histoplasmosis. ==History==

In 500 BC, an account of ulcers in the mouth by Hippocrates may have described thrush. Paris-based Hungarian microscopist David Gruby first reported that human disease could be caused by fungi in the early 1840s. == Other animals ==

A wide range of fungal infections occur in other animals, and some can be transmitted from animals to people, such as Microsporum canis from cats. == See also ==