Simmons was born in
Pollocksville, North Carolina, the son of Mary McLendel (Jerman) and Furnifold Greene Simmons. After Republicans won control of the North Carolina legislature in 1894, Simmons led efforts to disenfranchise black voters and return Democrats to power across the state. He allied with
white supremacist newspapers to stoke fears of black men as predators of white women and too incompetent to be trusted as office holders or voters. Simmons also set up hundreds of "White Government Unions," which aimed to "announce on all occasions that they would succeed if they had to shoot every negro in the city." As a result, Democrats swept the
1898 election, and the Wilmington Insurrection of 1898 broke out the following day. In
1901 Simmons won the Democratic nomination for the US Senate. From his Senate seat, he then ran a powerful political machine, using
A. D. Watts "to keep the machine oiled back home," in the words of one journalist. Simmons remained in office for the next thirty years. Senator Simmons refused to endorse
Al Smith, the Democratic nominee for president in
1928 and the first Catholic nominated by a major party, winning him praise from members of the
Ku Klux Klan. Still, rejecting the Democratic nominee in 1928, together with the
Great Depression, led to Simmons being defeated in the 1930 Democratic primary by
Josiah W. Bailey, who was backed by Governor
O. Max Gardner. Simmons died on April 30, 1940. He is the last U.S. Senator to have served during the presidency of
William McKinley. ==References==