Gender inequality in India

The following table compares the population-wide data for the two genders on various inequality statistical measures, and according to The World Bank's Gender Statistics database for 2012. ==Global rankings of India==

released by the World Economic Forum (WEF) in 2011, India was ranked 113 on the Gender Gap Index (GGI) among 135 countries polled. Since then, India has improved its rankings on the World Economic Forum's Gender Gap Index (GGI) to 105/136 in 2013. When broken down into components of the GGI, India performs well on political empowerment but is scored to be as bad as China on sex-selective abortion. India also scores poorly on overall female to male literacy and health rankings. India with a 2013 ranking of 101 had an overall score of 0.6551, while Iceland, the nation that topped the list, had an overall score of 0.8731 (no gender gap would yield a score of 1.0). have questioned the accuracy, relevance and validity of these indices and global rankings. For example, Dijkstra and Hanmer acknowledge that global index rankings on gender inequality have brought media attention, but suffer from major limitations. The underlying data used to calculate the index are dated, unreliable and questionable. Further, a nation can be and are being ranked high when both men and women suffer from equal deprivation and lack of empowerment. Nevertheless, it is widely accepted that India along with other developing countries have high gender inequality and lower women's empowerment than developed nations. == Birth ==

The cultural construct of Indian society that reinforces gender bias against men and women, with varying degrees and variable contexts against the opposite sex, has led to the continuation of India's strong preference for male children. Female infanticide and sex-selective abortion are adopted and strongly reflect the societally low status of Indian women. Census 2011 shows decline of girl population (as a percentage to total population) under the age of seven, with activists estimating that eight million female fetuses may have been aborted in the past decade. The 2005 census shows infant mortality figures for females and males are 61 and 56, respectively, out of 1000 live births, with females more likely to be aborted than males due to biased attitudes, cultural stereotypes, insecurity, etc. A decline in the child sex ratio (0–6 years) was observed, with India's 2011 census reporting that it stands at 914 females against 1,000 males, dropping from 927 in 2001 – the lowest since India's independence. The demand for sons among wealthy parents is being satisfied by the medical community through the provision of illegal services of fetal sex determination and sex-selective abortion. The financial incentive for physicians to undertake this illegal activity seems to be far greater than the penalties associated with breaking the law. ==Disparities in education==

Education is not equally attained by Indian women. Although literacy rates are increasing, the female literacy rate lags behind the male literacy rate. Literacy for females stands at 65.46%, compared to 82.14% for males. An underlying factor for such low literacy rates are parents' perceptions that education for girls are a waste of resources as their daughters would eventually live with their husbands' families. Thus, there is a strong belief that due to their traditional duty and role as housewives, daughters would not benefit directly from the education investment. Programs like Ashram schools for tribes, programs for low literacy districts, and scholarships to promote higher education like the Pre-Matric and Post-Matric Scholarship, Rajiv Gandhi National Fellowship, etc. have been recently installed to promote education. Traditional beliefs regarding women's education, especially in rural and tribal communities in India prevent women from taking advantage of these resources. For women in rural or tribal communities the educational disparities are even larger. In 2011, for the state of Jharkhand, male scheduled tribes (STs) had a literacy rate of around 68% whereas female STs had a literacy rate of around 46%. Tribal women lack access to educational institutions and are isolated from urban society, which restrict them from obtaining economic opportunities and mobility. Tribal women in India are often unskilled and are perceived by general society as chaotic and willing to perform sexual intercourse. As a result, tribal women who attempt to integrate within rural or urban societies end up as sexual workers or take up physical manual labor jobs. ==Adulthood and onwards==

Discrimination against women has contributed to gender wage differentials, with Indian women on average earning 64% of what their male counterparts earn for the same occupation and level of qualification. This has led to their lack of autonomy and authority. Although equal rights are given to women, equality may not be well implemented. In practice, land and property rights are weakly enforced, with customary laws widely practiced in rural areas. Women are subjected to roles based on religion and the caste system. Most are often forced to stay and take care of the home while men go out and work. Gender in India determines how you experience laws and constantly are misconstrued when a woman is involved. ==Economic inequalities==

Labor participation and wages The labor force participation rate of women was 80.7% in 2013. Nancy Lockwood of Society for Human Resource Management, the world's largest human resources association with members in 140 countries, in a 2009 report wrote that female labor participation is lower than men, but has been rapidly increasing since the 1990s. Out of India's 397 million workers in 2001, 124 million were women, states Lockwood. Over 50% of Indian labor is employed in agriculture. A majority of rural men work as cultivators, while a majority of women work in livestock maintenance, egg and milk production. Rao Women's labor participation rate is about 47% in India's tea plantations, 46% in cotton cultivation, 45% growing oil seeds and 39% in horticulture. There is wage inequality between men and women in India. The largest wage gap was in manual ploughing operations in 2009, where men were paid 103 per day, while women were paid 55, a wage gap ratio of 1.87. For sowing the wage gap ratio reduced to 1.38 and for weeding 1.18. Women in India are now leaving the workforce. The economy is now increasing steadily but the rate of women is still drastically declining. The economy has at a 6.8 percent as of 2023. Women now have more access to education but women in the workforce has dropped from 32 percent in 2005 to 19 percent in 2023. Women labor is hard to track in the current economy because they are not always paid for the work that they do. Most women have left the workforce to take care of the home for example working on the family farm or taking care of the house. Even women who may need the extra income do not work primarily because they cannot find work or a livable wage. Other women are leaving the workforce for education or migrating from India to start a new life. Access to credit Although laws are supportive of lending to women and microcredit programs targeted to women are prolific, women often lack collateral for bank loans due to low levels of property ownership and microcredit schemes have come under scrutiny for coercive lending practices. Although many microcredit programs have been successful and prompted community-based women's self-help groups, a 2012 review of microcredit practices found that women are contacted by multiple lenders and, as a result, take on too many loans and overextend their credit. The report found that financial incentives for the recruiters of these programs were not in the best interest of the women they purported to serve. The result was a spate of suicides by women who were unable to pay their debts. , India, at a meeting regarding land rights for Adivasi people Property rights Women have equal rights under the law to own property and receive equal inheritance rights, but in practice, women are at a disadvantage. This is evidenced in the fact that 70% of rural land is owned by men. Laws, such as the Married Women Property Rights Act of 1974 protect women, but few seek legal redress. Although the Hindu Succession Act of 2005 provides equal inheritance rights to ancestral and jointly owned property, the law is weakly enforced, especially in Northern India. Tribal women's property rights Tribal women face both social and legal inequalities with property ownership. Tribal communities in India rely on their land for economic stability since their lifestyle and source of income is tied to the agricultural industry. The International Labour Organization Convention 169 guarantees tribal communities rights to their own land. It enforces policies that requires free, advanced, and informed consent to utilize tribal land for development and ensures that the process is inclusive and accommodating to tribal communities that occupy the land. This includes the option for tribals to reacquire their land after it has been restored. Several other policies have been passed in rural areas of India to protect tribal land, such as the Chota Nagpur Tenancy Act, the Santhal Pargana Tenancy Act, and Wilkinson's Rule. However, contracts signed between tribal communities and private parties or state governments are often violated, leaving families displaced. Additionally, the aforementioned land protection policies have been identified to exclude tribal women. Tribal women in India hold status primarily due to their acting roles as forest-based gatherers, and are especially impacted by inadequate property protection policies. Due to displacement, tribal women have been found to face rehabilitation, discrimination within caste-based rural communities. One of the major consequences of the marginalization of tribal communities, for women, has been job security. Resettlement policies for tribal families often only offer monetary compensation and job security to male workers, or households supported by women. ==Occupational inequalities==

Entrepreneurship Different studies have examined the women in entrepreneurship roles and the attitudes and outcomes surrounding their participation in this informal economic sector. A 2011 study published by Tarakeswara Rao et al. in the Journal of Commerce indicated that almost 50% of the Indian population consists of women, yet fewer than 5% of businesses are owned by women. During the mid-1970s, females were 25% of teachers, increasing to 43% by 2008. A 2003 study of four science and technology higher education institutions in India found that 40% of female faculty members felt some form of gender discrimination in their respective institutions, favoring male faculty members. Military service Women are not allowed to have combat roles in the armed forces. According to a study carried out on this issue, a recommendation was made that female officers be excluded from induction in close combat arms. The study also held that a permanent commission could not be granted to female officers since they have neither been trained for command nor have they been given the responsibility so far, although changes are appearing. Women are starting to play important roles in army and the previous defence minister was a woman. On 17 February 2020 the Supreme Court of India said that women officers in the Indian Army can get command positions at par with male officers. The court said that the government's arguments against it were discriminatory, disturbing and based on stereotype. The court also said that permanent commission should be available to all women, regardless of their years of service, and the order must be implemented in 3 months. The government had earlier said that troops, mostly men, will not accept women commanders. However, women are now taking up combat roles in the Indian Air Force with Avani Chaturvedi, Mohana Singh Jitarwal, and Bhawana Kanth being the first three women fighter pilots. Despite the Indian Army and the Air Force allowing women to be in a combat role, the Indian Navy is still against the idea of putting women in warships as sailors, even though they fly on maritime patrol aircraft like P8I and IL 38. ==Education inequalities==

Schooling India is on target to meet its Millennium Development Goal of gender parity in education by 2015 . UNICEF's measure of attendance rate and Gender Equality in Education Index (GEEI) capture the quality of education. Despite some gains, India needs to triple its rate of improvement to reach GEEI score of 95% by 2015 under the Millennium Development Goals. In rural India girls continue to be less educated than boys. Recently, many studies have investigated underlying factors that contribute to greater or less educational attainment by girls in different regions of India. One 2017 study performed by Adriana D. Kugler and Santosh Kumar, published in Demography, examined the role of familial size and child composition in terms of gender of the first-born child and others on the educational attainment achieved in a particular family. According to this study, as the family size increased by each additional child after the first, on average there was quarter of a year decrease in overall years of schooling, with this statistic disfavoring female children in the family compared to male children. A particular 2011 study conducted by Gaurav Siddhu, published in the International Journal of Educational Development, investigated the statistics of dropout in the secondary school transition and its contributing factors in Rural India. The study indicated that among the 20% of students who stopped schooling after primary education, near 70% of these students were females. One 2012 examination conducted by Rohini Sahni and Kalyan Shankar, published in High Education, investigated the aspect of inclusiveness for girls in the realm of higher education. A 2007 source authored by Sugeeta Upadhyay in the journal Economic and Political Weekly, described that the dropout rate in higher education in greater for boys rather than girls. According to Census of India 2011, literacy rate of females is 65.46% compared to males which is 82.14%. Compared to boys, far fewer girls are enrolled in the schools, and many of them drop out. Although this gap has been reduced significantly, problems still remain in the quality of education for girls where boys in the same family will be sent to higher-quality private schools and girls sent to the government school in the village. Reservations for female students Under the Non-Formal Education program, about 40% of the centres in states and 10% of the centres in UTs are exclusively reserved for females. The Prime Minister of India and the Planning Commission also vetoed a proposal to set up an Indian Institute of Technology exclusively for females. Although India had witnessed substantial improvements in female literacy and enrollment rate since the 1990s, the quality of education for female remains to be heavily compromised. ==Health and survival inequalities==

On health and survival measures, international standards consider the birth sex ratio, implied sex-selective abortion, and gender inequality between women's and men's life expectancy and relative number of years that women live compared to men in good health by taking into account the years lost to violence, disease, malnutrition, or other relevant factors. There is also a disparity in homelessness. According to 2011 population census, total number of homeless men and women are 1,046,871 and 726,169 respectively. The Sex Ratio of houseless population of India is just 694 females per 1000 Males. Sex-selective abortion In North America and Europe, the birth sex ratio of the population ranges between 103 and 107 boys per 100 girls; in India, China, and South Korea, the ratio has been far higher. Women have a biological advantage over men for longevity and survival; however, there have been more men than women in India and other Asian countries. This higher sex ratio in India and other countries is considered as an indicator of sex-selective abortion. The 2011 Census birth sex ratio for its States and Union Territories of India, in the 0 to 1 age group, indicated Jammu & Kashmir had a birth sex ratio of 128 boys to 100 girls, Haryana of 120, Punjab of 117, and the states of Delhi and Uttarakhand of 114. MacPherson, in contrast, estimates that sex-selective abortions account for about 100,000 missing girls every year in India. Girl babies are often killed for several reasons, the most prominent one being financial reasons. Economic reasons include earning power since men are the main income earners, potential pensions, since when the girl is married, she would part ways with her family, and most importantly, the payment of dowry. Even though it's illegal by Indian law to ask for dowry, it is still a common practice in certain socioeconomic classes, which leads to female infanticide since baby girls are seen as an economic burden. Gender selection and selective abortion were banned in India under Pre-conception and Pre-natal Diagnostics Technique Act in 1994. The practice continues illegally. Other institutional efforts, such as advertisements calling female foeticides a sin by the Health Ministry of India and annual Girl Child Day can be observed to raise the status of girls and to combat female infanticide. Health Immunization rates for 2-year-olds was 41.7% for girls and 45.3% for boys according to the 2005 National Family Health Survey-3, indicating a slight disadvantage for girls. Malnutrition rates in India are nearly equal in boys and girls. The male to female suicide ratio among adults in India has been about 2:1. This higher male to female ratio is similar to those observed around the world. Between 1987 and 2007, the suicide rate increased from 7.9 to 10.3 per 100,000, with higher suicide rates in southern and eastern states of India. In 2012, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and West Bengal had the highest proportion of female suicides. These mental health aspects can be studied in different environments for women such as in the home, the workforce, and the educational institutions due to varying social conditions that contribute to the development of mental illnesses in some cases. According to a 2001 study performed by U. Vindhya et al., published in Economic and Political Weekly, women tend to have greater suffering from depression and somatoform and dissociative disorders compared to men in the study. Furthermore, the research attributed depressive symptoms to social interactions both in the workplace and home that fostered a sense of learned helplessness. The areas investigated within gender disadvantages included marital history, life experience of various forms of violence in relationship with spouses, autonomy regarding a woman's personal choices, level of engagement outside the home, and social support from family during times of difficulty. Domestic violence Domestic violence, rape and dowry-related violence are sources of gender violence. Domestic violence has historically been one of the largest social issues in India. There is no law to protect men from domestic violence in India. One study found that 4 out of 10 women in India have experienced domestic violence in their lifetime and 3 out of 10 women experienced domestic violence in the past year. Victims of domestic violence often continue to stay silent out of shame, fear of retaliation, and possibly social isolation within their communities. In a survey including women of different castes from a rural village in New Delhi, Barwala, it was identified that the most common factor of domestic violence was alcoholism. It was also found that in cases where a husband committed violent acts against his wife, residing members of the joint family would often instigate the abuse. Out of these, 24,470 were committed by relative or neighbour; in other words, the victim knew the alleged rapist in 98 per cent of the cases. Compared to other developed and developing countries, incidence rates of rape per 100,000 people are quite low in India. India records a rape rate of 2 per 100,000 people, compared to 8.1 rapes per 100,000 people in Western Europe, 14.7 per 100,000 in Latin America, 28.6 in the United States, and 40.2 per 100,000 in Southern African region. However, some rape cases, where there was no bond between the victim and the rapist, have led to big protests in India as well as a lot of international media coverage. One of the most debated cases, known as the 2012 Delhi gang rape and murder, a 23-year-old female was gang-raped, tortured and later died from the fatality of her injuries. Following the news of the case and later the death of the victim, big protests spread across the whole country, where protesters demanded safety for women and legal justice for rape victims. There is no law to protect men from rape in India. Dowry-related and honor killings Other sources of gender violence include those that are dowry-related and honor killings. NCRB report states 8,233 dowry deaths in the country in 2012. Honor killings are violence where the woman's behavior is linked to the honor of her whole family; in extreme cases, family members kill her. Honor killings are difficult to verify, and there is a dispute whether social activists are inflating numbers. In most cases, honor killings are linked to the woman marrying someone that the family strongly disapproves of. Witch hunting More extreme forms of violence are seen within certain areas of rural India. Witch hunting has been a common issue among rural tribal women, especially within the state of Jharkhand. It refers to violence or killings that occur when a woman is suspected or accused of causing diseases, illnesses, insufficient crop yields, etc. The concept of witch hunting stems from the idea of spirits, which represent the good, and witches, which represent the bad, and is a central concept of tribal culture. Due to the lack of educational and healthcare infrastructure in rural areas, especially tribal villages in Jharkhand, residents will often rely on superstitious figures in the village. The misinformation results in family members and neighbors using female figures in their society as scapegoats for these issues. Due to the social and gendered nature of the crime, it is often difficult to file reports and investigate witchcraft-related crimes. ==Political inequalities==

This measure of gender inequality considers the gap between men and women in political decision making at the highest levels. On this measure, India has ranked in top 20 countries worldwide for many years, with 9th best in 2013 – a score reflecting less gender inequality in India's political empowerment than Denmark, Switzerland, Germany, France and United Kingdom. From the prime minister to chief ministers of various states, Indian voters have elected women to its state legislative assemblies and national parliament in large numbers for many decades. Women turnout during India's 2014 parliamentary general elections was 65.63%, compared to 67.09% turnout for men. In 16 states of India, more women voted than men. A total of 260.6 million women exercised their right to vote in April–May 2014 elections for India's parliament. ==Reasons for gender inequalities==

Gender inequality has been a historic worldwide phenomena, not a human invention and based on gender assumptions. Amartya Sen highlighted the need to consider the socio-cultural influences that promote gender inequalities In India, cultural influences favor the preference for sons for reasons related to kinship, lineage, inheritance, identity, status, and economic security. This preference cuts across class and caste lines, and it discriminates against girls. In extreme cases, the discrimination takes the form of honour killings, where families kill daughters or daughters-in-law who fail to conform to gender expectations about marriage and sexuality. When a woman does not conform to expected gender norms she is shamed and humiliated because it impacts both her and her family's honor, and perhaps her ability to marry. The causes of gender inequalities are complex, but a number of cultural factors in India can explain how son preference, a key driver of daughter neglect, is so prevalent. Patriarchal society Patriarchy is a social system of privilege in which men are the primary authority figures, occupying roles of political leadership, moral authority, control of property, and authority over women and children. Most of India, with some exceptions, has strong patriarchal and patrilineal customs, where men hold authority over female family members and inherit family property and title. Examples of patriarchy in India include prevailing customs where inheritance passes from father to son, women move in with the husband and his family upon marriage, and marriages include a bride price or dowry. This 'inter-generational contract' provides strong social and economic incentives for raising sons and disincentives for raising daughters. The parents of the woman essentially lose all they have invested in their daughter to her husband's family, which is a disincentive for investing in their girls during youth. Furthermore, sons are expected to support their parents in old age and women have very limited ability to assist their own parents. Son preference A key factor driving gender inequality is the preference for sons, as they are deemed more useful than girls. Boys are given the exclusive rights to inherit the family name and properties and they are viewed as additional status for their family. In a survey-based study of 1990s data, scholars Additionally, sons are often the only person entitled to performing funeral rites for their parents. Thus, a combination of factors has shaped the imbalanced view of sexes in India. A 2005 study in Madurai, India, found that old age security, economic motivation, and to a lesser extent, religious obligations, continuation of the family name, and help in business or farm, were key reasons for son preference. In turn, emotional support and old age security were the main reasons for daughter preference. The study underscored a strong belief that a daughter is a liability. Discrimination against girls While women express a strong preference for having at least one son, the evidence of discrimination against girls after they are born is mixed. A study of 1990s survey data by scholars Dowry In India, dowry is the payment in cash or some kind of gifts given to bridegroom's family along with the bride. The practice is widespread across geographic region, class and religions. The dowry system in India contributes to gender inequalities by influencing the perception that girls are a burden on families. Such beliefs limit the resources invested by parents in their girls and limits her bargaining power within the family. Parents save gold for dowry for their daughters since their birth but do not invest so they could earn gold medals. The payment of a dowry has been prohibited under The 1961 Dowry Prohibition Act in Indian civil law and subsequently by Sections 304B and 498a of the Indian Penal Code (IPC). Despite the laws, dowry abuse and domestic abuse is rising. Several studies show that while attitudes of people are changing about dowry, the institution has changed very little, and prejudices even continues to prevail. Marriage laws Men and women have equal rights within marriage under Indian law, with the exception of all men who are allowed to unilaterally divorce their wife. and in section 18.2 of Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, only a wife is entitled to live separately without forfeiting her claim to maintenance under certain conditions. There is no equivalent provision for men. ==Discrimination against men==

Some men's advocacy groups have complained that the government discriminates against men through the use of overly aggressive laws designed to protect women. There is no recognition of sexual molestation of men, and police stations rarely lodge a First Information Report (FIR); men are considered the culprit by default even if it was the woman who committed sexual abuse against the man. Women can jail husband's family for dowry related cases by just filing an FIR. The men's rights movement claims that the law IPC 498A demands that the husband's family is considered guilty by default, unless proven otherwise, citing the law's delineation concerning taking a female victim's allegations at face value and without due process. According to one source, this provision is much abused as only four percent of the cases go to the court and the final conviction rate is as low as two percent. The Supreme Court of India has found that women are filing false cases under the law IPC 498A and it is ruining the marriages. Unlike the Indecent Representation of Women Act, there is no specific law to protect men from indecent representation. Some parents state, "discrimination against girls is no longer rampant and education of their child is really important for them be it a girl or a boy." The men's rights movement in India calls for gender-neutral laws, especially in regard to child custody, divorce, sexual harassment, and adultery laws. Men's rights activists state that husbands do not report being attacked by their wives with household utensils because of their ego. These activist petition that there is no evidence to prove that the domestic violence faced by men is less than that faced by women. International health expert from India, Dr Edmond Fernandes stated that India needs to urgently create gender neutral laws and deliver speedy justice to save Indian families from being decimated. He also stated that women favored laws are being abused which must be curbed without further delay. ==Political and legal reforms==

Since its independence, India has made significant strides in addressing gender inequalities, especially in the areas of political participation, education, and legal rights. Policies and legal reforms to address gender inequalities have been pursued by the government of India. For instance, the Constitution of India contains a clause guaranteeing the right of equality and freedom from sexual discrimination. India is also signatory to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). However, the government maintains some reservations about interfering in the personal affairs of any community without the community's initiative and consent. State initiatives to reduce gender inequality Different states and union territories of India, in cooperation with the central government, have initiated a number of region-specific programs targeted at women to help reduce gender inequality over the 1989–2013 period. Some of these programs include Rashtriya Mahila Kosh, Support to Training and Employment Programme for Women, Swawalamban Programme, Swashakti Project, Swayamsidha Scheme, Mahila Samakhya Programme, Integrated Child Development Services, Balika Samriddhi Yojana, National Programme of Nutritional Support to Primary Education (to encourage rural girls to attend primary school daily), National Programme for Education of Girls at Elementary Level, Sarva Shiksha Abyhiyan, Ladli Laxmi Yojana, Delhi Ladli Scheme and others. Bombay High Court, recently in March 2016 has ruled out a judgment that "Married daughters are also obligated to take care of their parents". This is a very bold step towards breaking the traditional norms of the defined roles in society. Also, this shall also motivate women to be more independent not only for themselves but also for their parents. Different states and union territories of India, in cooperation with the central government, have launched several programs to empower women and reduce gender inequality. These initiatives focus on education, financial inclusion, employment, and legal protection. Recent State and Central Initiatives (2014–Present) Since 2014, the Indian government has introduced several new policies to strengthen gender equality: • Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP) (2015) – Aimed at improving the child sex ratio and promoting girls’ education in districts with historically low female birth rates. • Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana (2015) – A tax-free savings scheme encouraging families to invest in their daughters' future.{{cite web • Ujjwala Yojana (2016) – Provides free LPG gas connections to economically weaker women, reducing health hazards from indoor pollution. • One-Stop Centers (2015-Present) – Established across states to assist women facing domestic violence, abuse, or harassment by providing medical, legal, and psychological support. • Nirbhaya Fund (2013-Present) – Strengthened post-2014 to improve women's safety, funding emergency helplines, self-defense training, and improved policing. Judicial and Legal Developments • Triple Talaq Ban (2019) – The Supreme Court of India ruled instant triple talaq unconstitutional, ensuring legal protection for Muslim women. • Maternity Benefit (Amendment) Act (2017) – Increased paid maternity leave from 12 to 26 weeks, making it one of the highest globally. • Equal Property Rights for Daughters (2020) – The Supreme Court clarified that daughters have equal rights in ancestral property, regardless of their father's death date. State-Specific Initiatives • West Bengal’s Kanyashree Prakalpa (2013) – Launched by the government of West Bengal to address gender inequality by encouraging girls to remain in school and delaying early marriage. The scheme provides conditional cash transfers directly to girls’ personal bank accounts, giving them financial support while they continue their education and remain unmarried until the legal age of 18. Evaluations of the program show that it has helped increase girls’ school enrolment, reduce child marriage, and strengthen girls’ aspirations and self-perception. By linking financial incentives with education and autonomy, the scheme also challenges traditional social norms that view marriage as the primary life goal for women. • Mukhya Mantri Kanya Sumangala Yojana (Uttar Pradesh, 2019) – Provides financial aid for girls' education in six different stages of life. • Karnataka’s Free Higher Education for Girls (2023) – The state government launched free undergraduate and postgraduate education programs for girls from low-income families. • Tamil Nadu’s Women Workforce Initiatives (2022) – Launched free transport for female workers and incentives to increase women's participation in the workforce. • Uttar Pradesh's Mukhya Mantri Kanya Sumangala Yojana (2019) – Provides financial aid for girls' education in six different stages of life. • Tamil Nadu's Women Workforce Initiatives (2022-2025) – The state government expanded the 'Kalaignar's Women's Rights Scheme' (Magalir Urimai Thittam), which provides ₹1,000 monthly assistance directly into the bank accounts of eligible women. An allocation of over ₹13,700 crore was made for 2024-2025 for this scheme, benefiting 1.15 crore women. The 'Naan Mudhalvan' skill development scheme has also facilitated employment for over 63,000 students through job fairs. • Delhi Lakhpati Bitiya Yojna (2026) – Announced in February 2026 by the Delhi government to replace the 2008 Ladli Scheme. This upgraded scheme provides financial assistance of up to ₹56,000 per beneficiary, deposited in phased instalments linked to educational milestones from birth through graduation. On maturity, the amount is expected to grow to over one lakh. The scheme applies to families with an annual income not exceeding ₹1.20 lakh and is limited to two girl children per family. • Haryana Budget Initiatives (2026) – Announced in March 2026, the Haryana budget proposed setting up a 'Nari Mandapam' in Gurugram for women's skill development and capacity building. It also proposed 'Vatsalya Bhawans' in Ambala, Yamunanagar, Rohtak, and Gurugram to serve as single-window platforms for women and child services. Additionally, a 'Workplace Safety Fund' of ₹5 crore and a 'Women-Samarth Sansthan Puraskar' scheme to rate institutions based on a women-friendly index were announced. These initiatives reflect India's commitment to reducing gender inequality and promoting women's empowerment across various sectors. ==Organisations==

• All India Democratic Women's Association • Save Indian Family Foundation • National Commission on Women • Ministry of Women Children and Development • Missing Link Trust • International Center for Research on Women • UN Women ==See also==