Gentoo penguin

The application of "gentoo" to the penguin is unclear. Gentoo was an Anglo-Indian term to distinguish Hindus from Muslims. The English term may have originated from the Portuguese ("pagan, gentile"). Some speculate that the white patch on the bird's head was thought to resemble a turban. The Johnny rook, a predator, is likely named after the Johnny penguin. The specific name papua is a misnomer; in the original description, Johann Reinhold Forster, a naturalist who had circumnavigated the world with Captain James Cook, mistakenly assumed that the species occurred in Papua (New Guinea), the closest gentoos being over to the south (on Macquarie Island). No penguins are found in New Guinea. Others trace the error to a "possibly fraudulent claim" in 1776 by French naturalist Pierre Sonnerat, who also alleged a Papuan location for the king penguin despite never having been to the island himself. ==Taxonomy==

The gentoo penguin is one of three species in the genus Pygoscelis. Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA evidence suggests the genus split from other penguins around 38 million years ago (Mya), about 2 million years after the ancestors of the genus Aptenodytes. In turn, the Adélie penguins split from the other members of the genus around 19 Mya, and the chinstrap and gentoo penguins finally diverged around 14 Mya. There are four subspecies recognized by the International Ornithological Congress: Although the population on the Kerguelen Islands is tentatively included in taeniata, it may also be a distinct subspecies. Before 2021, only two subspecies of the gentoo penguin had been recognised: P. p. papua (subantarctic gentoo) and the smaller P. p. ellsworthi (Antarctic gentoo). However, a 2020 study suggested that the gentoo penguin be split into a species complex of four morphologically similar but separate species: the northern gentoo penguin (P. papua sensu stricto), the southern gentoo penguin (P. ellsworthi), the eastern gentoo penguin (P. taeniata) and the newly described South Georgia gentoo penguin (P. poncetii). The International Ornithological Congress incorporated the results of this study in 2021, but relegated the newly recognized or newly described species to subspecies of P. papua. ==Description==

The gentoo penguin is easily recognised by the broad, white stripe extending like a bonnet across the top of its head and its bright orange-red bill. It has pale whitish-pink, webbed feet and a relatively long tail – the most prominent tail of all penguin species. Chicks have grey backs with white fronts. As the gentoo penguin waddles along on land, its tail sticks out behind, sweeping from side to side, hence the scientific name Pygoscelis, which means "rump-tailed". Gentoo penguins can reach a length of , making them the third-largest species of penguin after the emperor penguin and the king penguin. Males have a maximum weight around just before moulting and a minimum weight of about just before mating. For females, the maximum weight is just before moulting, but their weight drops to as little as when guarding the chicks in the nest. Birds from the north are on average heavier and longer than the southern birds. Southern gentoo penguins reach in length. They are the fastest underwater swimmers of all penguins, reaching speeds up to . Gentoos are well adapted to frigid and harsh climates. ==Breeding==

, Palmer Archipelago, off the coast of the Antarctic Peninsula The breeding colonies of gentoo penguins are located on ice-free surfaces. Settlements can be located directly on the shoreline or considerably inland. They prefer shallow coastal areas and often nest between tufts of grass. In South Georgia, for example, breeding colonies are inland. In colonies farther inland, where the penguins nest in grassy areas, they shift their location slightly each year because the grass becomes trampled over time. Gentoo penguins breed on many subantarctic islands. The main colonies are on the Falkland Islands, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands and Kerguelen Islands; smaller colonies are found on: Macquarie Island, Heard Islands, Crozet Islands, South Shetland Islands and the Antarctic Peninsula. The total breeding population is estimated to be over 600,000 birds. Nests are usually made from a roughly circular pile of stones and can be quite large, high and in diameter. The stones are jealously guarded, and their ownership can spark noisy disputes and physical attacks among individuals. They are also prized by the females, even to the point that a male penguin can obtain the favours of a female by offering her a choice stone. Two eggs are laid, both weighing around . The parents share incubation and change duty daily. The eggs hatch after 34 to 36 days. The chicks remain in the nests for around 30 days before joining other chicks in the colony and forming crèches. The chicks moult into subadult plumage and go out to sea at around 80 to 100 days. File:Pygoscelis papua MWNH 0520.JPG|Egg, Museum Wiesbaden File:Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) on nest.jpg|On a nest File:Gentoo penguin juvenile Petermann Island.jpg|Juveniles on Petermann Island ==Diet==

Gentoos mainly live on fish, crustaceans such as krill and shrimp, and cephalopods. In February and March, crustaceans make up about 10% of the diet, while from March to June, it is about 75%. From June to October, grey rockcod (Lepidonotothen squamifrons) make up 90% of their diet. Cephalopods make up only 10% of the diet throughout the year. Gentoos are opportunistic feeders, and around the Falklands are known to take roughly equal proportions of fish (Patagonotothen sp., Thysanopsetta naresi, Micromesistius australis), squat lobsters (Munida gregaria) and squid (Loligo gahi, Gonatus antarcticus, Moroteuthis ingens). Other prey include Channichthys rhinoceratus and octopuses. ==Physiology==

The gentoos' diet is high in salt, as they eat organisms with relatively the same salinity as seawater, which can lead to complications associated with high sodium concentrations in the body, especially for gentoo chicks. To counteract this, gentoos, as well as many other marine bird species, have a highly developed salt gland located above their eyes that takes the high concentration of sodium within the body and produces a highly saline-concentrated solution that drips out of the body from the tip of the beak. Gentoo penguins do not store as much fat as Adélie penguins, their closest relative; gentoos require less energy investment when hunting because the net gain of energy after hunting is greater in gentoos than Adélies. As embryos, gentoos require a lot of energy to develop. Oxygen consumption is high for a developing gentoo embryo. As the embryo grows and needs more oxygen, consumption increases exponentially until the gentoo chick hatches. By then, the chick is consuming around 1800 ml O2 per day. ==Predators==

(Stercorarius antarcticus) attacking a gentoo chick at Godthul, South Georgia In the sea, leopard seals, sea lions, and killer whales are all predators of the gentoo. On land, there are no predators of full-grown, healthy gentoo penguins. Skuas and giant petrels regularly kill many chicks and steal eggs; petrels kill injured and sick adult gentoos. Various other seabirds, such as the kelp gull and snowy sheathbill, also snatch chicks and eggs. Skuas on King George Island have been observed attacking and injuring adult gentoo penguins in apparent territorial disputes. ==Conservation status==

The population of Pygoscelis papua in the maritime Antarctic is rapidly increasing. Due to regional climate change, they colonise previously inaccessible territories to the south. , the IUCN Red List lists the gentoo as least concerned with a stable population trend. However, rapid declines in some key areas are believed to be driving a moderate overall decline in the species population. Examples include Bird Island, South Georgia, where the population has fallen by two-thirds over 25 years. == In popular culture ==

The Linux distribution Gentoo Linux is named after the gentoo penguin. This refers to the penguin's status as the fastest-swimming penguin, as Gentoo Linux aims to be a high-performance operating system. The mascot for Linux in general is a penguin. The 2011 film adaptation of Mr. Popper's Penguins features six gentoo penguins named Captain, Lovey, Loudy, Bitey, Stinky, and Nimrod. ==Gallery==

File:Gentoo-and-bird.jpg|Adult gentoo confronting a southern giant petrel (Macronectes giganteus) that has killed a chick File:Gentoo Penguin Swimming.jpg|A gentoo penguin swimming File:Pygoscelis papua on Carcass Island 1.jpg|Gentoo colony on Carcass Island in the Falklands File:Gentoo and Chinstrap Penguin, Antarctica imported from iNaturalist photo 462803717.jpg|Gentoo (left) and chinstrap (right) File:Gentoo-Colony.jpg|Saunders Island, Falkland Islands ==References==