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Louroux Priory

The Louroux Priory, also known as Château du Louroux, is located in the commune of Louroux in the French department of Indre-et-Loire, Centre-Val de Loire region. It was founded in the 12th century by the Marmoutier Abbey. At the time, the Benedictine monastery was one of nine priories belonging to the Touraine abbacy and located in the Tours diocese.

Geography
File:Prieuré Louroux emplacement OSM.jpg|center|thumb|398x398px|OpenStreetMap location of the priory (orange dot in the center of the map) The Louroux priory, also known as "Château du Louroux", is located east of the main center of Le Louroux, a commune in the arrondissement of Loches, department of Indre-et-Loire, in the Centre-Val de Loire region. To the northeast of Le Louroux stands the former commune of Saint-Bauld, a parish founded at the same time as the priory. The fief of Armançay, or Armençey, and which was later elevated to a castellany. The commune of Manthelan, situated on a south-southeast axis, The fortified complex is bordered by the Route de Louroux to the north and the Route Départementale 50 to the west. The Rue du Château, which starts in the south-west, provides access to the priory's enclosure. a tributary of the Indre, which feeds the Louroux ponds to the southwest of the commune's main square. This watercourse, which forms part of the moat of the fortified complex, separates it from the town center to the west. The Louroux ponds, comprising two bodies of water -the 52-hectare Etang des Roseaux and the 4-hectare Etang de Beaulieu- were created in the 10th and 11th centuries respectively and exploited by the monks of the priory. Not far from the ponds, in a place called "Mazère" (lieu-dit), a Gallo-Roman villa was discovered in 1976. From this 100 x 100 m ancient settlement, only remains traces that were identifiable by aerial survey. The fortified complex, which lies at the heart of a small valley, is flanked on the south by a plateau, which rises to a modest altitude. The Louroux priory, like the rest of the commune, rests on a subsoil largely made up of yellow limestone formed in the Turonian period, as well as siliceous clay and lacustrine limestone formed in the Senonian period. After its foundation, the Le Louroux monastery became one of nine priories belonging to the Marmoutier abbey in the Tours diocese. == History ==
History
Middle Age Foundation In 993, the Archbishop of Tours, Archembault de Sully, made a donation of the Saint-Sulpice church (or, more precisely, of an oratory) to the monks of the Marmoutier abbey – the toponym Louroux comes from the Latin word oratorium and literally means oratory, "place of prayer". This deed is the oldest manuscript document relating to Louroux. However, as with the eighteen other priories erected in Touraine by the abbacy of Marmoutier, At the time of its foundation, the Louroux's establishment was the seat of a castellany held by the abbey of Marmoutier, whose ruler possessed "the titles and prerogatives of lord of Louroux with the rights of high, medium and low justice". have held land at Lavatorii (fief du Lavoir, commune of Veigné) from their Tenant-in-chief Thibault de Braord, knight of Montbazon, since the foundation of the monastic establishment, in exchange for an annual cens of 200 denarius. On Braord's death, his wife Audierne demanded one setier of wheat and 4 setiers of wine in addition to the cens. The monks refused, the dispute was brought before the court of Montbazon and Braord's widow's claim was rejected. The Ulgers, another seigneurial family than the Sainte-Maure, are also linked to the priory's history. Relations between the priory and this family date back to the first half of the 11th century. An undated charter shows that Archembault and Ulger, two of the sons of Ulger, doyen of Saint-Martin, renounced "all uses and royalties whatsoever that their father Ulger possessed on the lands of the said religious called Louroux". In February 1067, Geoffroy, the youngest son of doyen Ulger, in return for 100 sous, paid by Barthélémy, abbot of Marmoutier, ceded his rights of use and custom over the Louroux Priory. During Barthélémy's abbacy, between 1064 and 1084, an individual named Ainard de Sainte-Maure donated ten serfs from the Louroux parish. Towards the late 12th century, between 1080 and 1100, his son Hugues de Sainte-Maure sought to obtain half the tithe and agistment rights belonging to the priory of Le Louroux. Ardonius, the prior in charge of Le Louroux at the time, did not give in to his demands; the dispute was settled through a duel, and Sainte-Maure's attempt failed. The first buildings to be erected, the Prior's residence and the Church of Saint-Sulpice, date back to the 12th century. The oldest building is probably the one used to house the prior. According to André Montoux, the church dedicated to Saint Sulpice, donated in the early 990s, was entirely rebuilt at the end of the 12th century. Archaeologist Robert Ranjard, on the other hand, believes that the current nave was constructed in the 13th century. Other archaeologists, Elisabeth Lorans and Edward Impey, corroborate this claim. In 1146, an individual named Hugues Ancipitrencis sold six acres of land located "near the Gaultier elm" ("juxta ulnum Gaulterii") to the monks of Louroux. A sum of 30 sous, plus an annual fee of six deniers, were paid in return. A dispute arose between the priory of Le Louroux and that of Saint-Bauld between 1180 and 1188, concerning the tithe levied on the fief of Armançay – then known by its Latinized toponym Hermentiaci. The disagreement over the levying of Armançay, an estate located on the border between Tauxigny-Saint-Bauld and Le Louroux, resulted in the official materialization of the border between the two parishes. Fortification From 1210 to 1220, according to the Marmoutier charters, Hugues des Roches, who was abbot of the Marmoutier Abbey, at the time, may have been responsible for building the aula (main hall), refurbishing the residence, building a barn, and fortifying the site. Within the ''Grande chronique de Touraine d'André Salmon, the following text refers to these events:« Sextus decimus abbas fuit Hugo [...] In Lavatorio ipse fecit fierimagna œdificia et plurimos reditus acquisivit, et in Lavatorio hic œdificavit aulam et grangiam et vetera œdificia reparavit, et muris cinxit totum manerium.'' (Hugues was the sixteenth abbot [...] At the Louroux, he himself enlarged the dwelling and enriched it with numerous revenues, and at the Louroux, he built a large hall and a barn and repaired the old dwelling, and surrounded the entire manor with a wall). » — André Salmon, 1854, p. 325.Nonetheless, attributing this construction to the initiative of the abbot of Marmoutier needs to be nuanced: according to Impey and Lorans, it is not impossible that this was an older building that Des Roches only had repaired, and that this same aula was destroyed at a later date. and counter-seal of Hardouin V de Maillé. In 1221, a knight named Geoffroy Isoré donated one-third of two acres of meadow to the priory. This land is close to the mill ceded in 991 by Archbishop Archembault Sully. Towards the end of the 13th century, in a deed dated 5 May 1287, Hardouin V de Maillé and his wife Jeanne de Beauçay, then owners of a manor in the Louroux section of Armançay, relinquished all breading, smoking preservation and cornage rights they held over the Louroux monks. The second phase of construction involved the fortification of the site. This phase probably dates from the early 14th century, rather than from Des Roches' abbatiate in the early 13th century. It involved digging the moat and building the wall. ratified the rights of the seigneur du Louroux in 1334. The high, medium, and low rights of justice, as well as the setiers of wheat and wine granted to the lord of the Louroux, were made public and ratified by letters patent from King Philippe VI of France in 1334. The monarch of the House of Valois instructed the officers of Montbazon to bring a detainee named Geoffroy before the Louroux jurisdiction. Payment of these taxes, amounting to 36 gold ducats (equivalent to 60 pounds in current currency), were made on behalf of Louis Februarii, then parish priest of the church of Saint-Sulpice, and to the sede vacante of Raoul de La Forge (or de La Forja), a priest of the diocese of Tours, who renounced his diocesan title before the Holy See. In 1537, Philippe Hurault succeeded Matthieu Gautier as Abbot of Marmoutier. Early on in 1598, during the Eighth War of Religion, Huguenot troops led by a man named Mussant stormed the priory and damaged the buildings. Between 1721 and 1739, during the Bourbon-Condé's abbacy, several works were undertaken. A lease signed in 1784 details the real assets that made up the Louroux estate before the revolutionary events. Contemporary period Succession of private ownership sketched the priory. The purchaser of the Louroux estate, Robert Godeau, a citizen of Loches and "premier suppléant au tribunal" and "inspecteur des eaux et des forêts", paid in several installments, the last of which was dated 7 prairial An III (26 May 1795, in the Gregorian calendar). Heritage protection and restoration campaign The fortified site, in particular the logis prieural, was used as a set for the filming of Mauregard, On 19 December 1973, via ministerial decree, the church of Saint-Sulpice was listed on the Inventaire supplémentaire des monuments historiques In the first half of the 1990s, the town council acquired the abbey farm's buildings and the adjoining estate. Two years later, on 31 December 2004, the last tenant farmer left the priory. The restoration work was led by Arnaud de Saint-Jouan, chief architect for historic monuments. The development of the monastery buildings into a "local tourism hub" was envisaged for 2012. And in 2013, as part of the cultural, heritage and town-planning development of the Louroux, the Communauté de communes du Grand Ligueillois' tourism commission, launched a new project for the former priory buildings. The project consisted of housing the conservatory of clerical vestments in the barn; setting up a research and documentation center, a conference room, and permanent exhibitions in the barn built in the 15th century; as well as setting up an artistic residence and permanent exhibitions in the prior's residence; with the classical-era barn and inner courtyard dedicated to theatrical and other cultural events. The project also includes the installation of a botanical greenhouse for local species in the garden and kitchen garden adjoining the former lourousian fortified complex. The turret was restored in the mid-2010s. And, in July 2015, The priory, which "offers a complex architectural evolution from the 12th – 13th centuries to the 19th century", In the 2010s, the Louroux priory opened up to tourism, specifically in June 2013, during an agricultural festival, where the Louroux complex welcomed around 1,300 visitors, and in June 2015 several themed guided tours were organized there, followed by an arts festival in September 2017. == Buildings and structures ==
Buildings and structures
Overview The priory stands like a "fortress" The dovecote is located outside the fortified enclosure, to the north, on the other side of the Echandon River, within a garden. All the buildings are arranged around a courtyard bordered to the south by the church. The prior's residence, to the northeast, runs parallel to the barn, dividing the inner courtyard into two parts. The livestock buildings are located to the north of the forecourt, opposed by the second, or "classical", barn in the southern part. The Prior's residence The residence consists of a main building with a rectangular design. A finial sits atop one of the two gable walls. The architectural style of the residence is that of a "traditional Touraine manor house".). The cellar of the residence is connected to two other cellars, with vaulted ceilings on wooden beams, dug out below the courtyard. The first is a section of wall running east–west. This thick remnant extends northwest of the residence. The small size of the double-arched openings on the northwest façade of the residence may have been used to light the interior of a cellar. However, other clues tend to confirm the hypothesis that this Romanesque building was a "Grande Salle". Although the period of construction of the Romanesque building has been established -in other words, towards the end of the 11th and beginning of the 13th centuries- its metrical characteristics have not been determined. The Romanesque building could be the aula built by Abbot Hugues Des Roches. The tower has a square floor layout. The bell tower's impact is absorbed by two buttresses on its western facade, extending up to the level of the spire, as well as by a pair of lateral buttresses, lower in height and angled. The upper levels are marked by distinctive battlements. The penultimate level is enlightened by two bays, one to the north and the second to the south. The floor containing the belfry, which may have been built at the same time as the rest of the bell tower (early 13th century), The second object is a stone tabernacle with two lateral wings. It consists of a base and an entablature that extends along its entire length. Above the entablature is an altarpiece, or ambry, with a "beveled" front, similar to that of the side panels. Each front, framed by ornaments with plant motifs carved in bas-relief, has a niche. Each niche houses the effigy of a saint -one representing Saint Sulpice, the other Saint Anthony of Padua- also carved in bas-relief. The entablature is supported by leaning columns at each corner of the tabernacle. These columns feature classical-style capitals. The base rests on four feet in the shape of clawed paws. The stem takes the form of an angel with outstretched wings, index finger pointing upwards and feet resting on a globe. In addition to the first floor, the building has three upper stories topped by an attic. and the king posts. The goods were probably stored beyond the load-bearing capacity of the two stories, resulting in deformation of the beams. Only one of the posts erected in the 15th century has survived. The others were replaced in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries by beams spanning 7.25 m at right angles to the walls, to better contain their loads. The traces of this redesign can be seen in the layout of the central main beams. Their length and the diameter of their anchors had been reduced. All the structural system, including the framework and floor, and the light work, comprising the staircase, third-floor stairwell panels, joinery and hardware, and parquet flooring, are original. Enclosing wall The wall was equipped with four corner turrets and an additional four lateral turrets on the northwest and southeast sides. Currently, only four of these eight turrets are still intact. The corner tower at the northeast corner features a wooden structure dating from the 18th century. This corner tower closely defends the north gable wall of the priory residence. The remains of a former latrine can still be seen in the section of curtain wall linking these two structures, at the junction point in the southern extension of the garden fence. These latrine remains overhang a postern in the lower part of the defensive structure. This postern, protected by a murder hole that has been partitioned off, is equipped with a drawbridge. A Renaissance medallion adorns the masonry just above the postern. The drawbridge is located on the northeast side. Grooves for the lift arms (chains) of the defensive drawbridge still mark the walls surrounding the postern. The Jamb still stands in front of a building, with the slot for the deck's axle still visible in the base walls. The abutment containing the bridge loads also remains. The bridge is defended by two lateral towers pierced with murder holes, one of which has been assigned to a house and the second to a servitude. The curtain wall connecting the second tower, which surrounds the drawbridge, and the southeast corner tower, which has been destroyed, is also flanked by another tower with a murder hole identical to the others. The entrance to the enclosure is via a gateway a few meters from its southwest corner. The gate is defended by two partially dismantled turrets. The cemetery to the south of the church is enclosed by a section of wall. This southern section, defended by a corner tower and a side tower, extends further west to form the southern wall of the Classical barn. The north-western wall and one of its flanking side turrets (half its length) remain relatively intact. The north-western corner turret, whose foundations are the only visible remains, is part of a modern residence and protrudes from the bridge. To the east of the northern wall is the standing bridge, allowing dry passage over the Echandon river. This military structure was covered with cobblestones, some of which still remain. Dovecote The dovecote is circular in design, with an external diameter of around eight meters. The walls are one meter thick. They are made of rubble stone-faced with plaster. The interior of the building, preserved in its original state, is equipped with a rotating shaft and a ladder for climbing up to the height of the boulins (nest hole). The boulins are made of ashlar. They are divided into 5 different-sized niches, staggered from top to bottom. There are around 1,400 niches. Beneath the two highest rows are four rows -one of which is incomplete- built in terracotta, with circular niches. The wooden-framed roof surmounts a thin cornice. The roof is illuminated by three dormer windows. Other buildings and structures The Classical-style barn, built against the southern perimeter wall, dates from the 17th to 18th centuries. It is rectangular in outline, with a central avant-corps on the northern façade. Its carpentry is based on trees chopped down in 1752. The entrance portal, framed by a wooden lintel, opens via wooden casements. These pieces of timber, like the four crossbeams making up the roof structure, date back to the 15th century and have recently been reused. Next to the entrance to the polygonal tower of the residence, the remnant of an old well, a margelle, remains. Circular in shape, with a diameter of more than 1 m, the margelle incorporates a salient in the shape of an animal's head, allowing the water to drain away. The livestock buildings are adjacent to the left end of the west façade of the 15th-century barn. Built in the 19th and 20th centuries, they flank the northern wall of the enclosure. See also Marmoutier Abbey, ToursCounts and dukes of AnjouLe Louroux:fr:Liste des monuments historiques d'Indre-et-Loire (in English: List of historic monuments in Indre-et-Loire) • :fr:Liste des abbayes, prieurés et monastères en France (in English: List of abbeys, priories and monasteries in France) == Notes ==
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