Childhood Bacovia was born
Gheorghe Vasiliu in
Bacău, the son of a merchant, Dimitrie Vasiliu, and his wife Zoe "Zoița" Vasiliu (born Langa). At only six years of age he began his study of
German. Between 1889 and 1890 he started his schooling at an academy in Bacău, before registering in 1891 at the "Domnească" Primary School in the same city. In June 1893, he finished his primary schooling and afterward began studies at the
Ferdinand Gymnasium, also in Bacău. One autumn night, an oversight by the sexton led to his being locked overnight in the tower of the Precista church, an experience which would later inspire his first major poem, 1899's
Amurg violet (
Purple Twilight). He exhibited a talent for drawing and developed into an excellent violinist in the school orchestra, which he directed. He also distinguished himself in gymnastics. In 1899, he received the national first prize in the contest "Tinerimii române" for "artistic drawings of nature". His poem
Și toate – written a year earlier under the name of "V. George" – was published in the magazine
Literatorul on 30 March, launching his literary career.
Studies In 1900, Bacovia matriculated at the Military Academy in
Iași, but dropped out during his second semester, unable to bear military discipline. In 1901 he began studies at the Liceul Ferdinand in Bacău, from which he graduated in 1903. He wrote the poem
Liceu (
High School) in response to a Ministry of Education questionnaire sent to graduates in the course of
Spiru Haret's educational reforms. He matriculated at the Faculty of Law in Bucharest and soon became a fixture in the city's literary life; an early reading of his poem
Plumb (
Lead) at
Alexandru Macedonski's salon produced a powerful impression. He continued reading his poems at Macedonski's salon, and in 1904 his
Nervi de toamnă (
Autumn nerves) obtained the same success. Helped by his growing reputation, he gained a position at the review
Arta de la Iași and was able to stop his law studies. After two years in Bucharest with his brother Eugen, he returned to Bacău before matriculating at the University of Iași's Faculty of Law; despite his previous studies in Bucharest, he started as a first-year student. Until 1909 he remained in Iași, assisting I. M. Rascu with his review
Versuri, later
Versuri și proză. Between 1909 and 1910 he came to Iași for examinations but lived in Bacău; on obtaining his law degree in 1911, he qualified for the bar in Bacău, but despite paying dues for ten years, never practiced law. Instead, he spent his time working with
Constantin Al. Ionescu-Caion on the
Românul Literar, with other figures on
Flacăra, working as a copyist at the Prefecture, and helping at the Prefectural accounting office. In 1913–1914, his health deteriorated and he was eventually forced to relinquish his post.
Between the wars In 1914, Bacovia was interned at the sanitorium of Dr. Mărgăritescu in Bucharest, from where he published poems in the literary supplement of the newspaper
Seara and sent
Plumb out for publication. In 1915, after leaving Bucharest, he became co-editor of the review
Orizonturi noi and continued to publish poetry, prose and book reviews under a multitude of pseudonyms. He rekindled his friendship with Macedonski. In 1916, he became a secretary at the Directory of Secondary and Superior Education in the Ministry of Instruction, and was in Bucharest when
Plumb first appeared in July. In August, Romania entered
World War I on the side of the
Allies. In October, the vagaries of war forced him to flee the threatened Bucharest to Iași with the archives of his department. Bacovia returned to Bucharest in 1917, resuming his post as a functionary. In 1920, he became a Chief of Office, Third Class, in the Ministry of Labor; in 1921 he was promoted to Chief of Office, First Class in the same ministry. However, he immediately fell ill with a lung condition and was forced to resign before returning, a year later, to Bacău. In 1924, the second edition of
Plumb was published in
Râmnicu Sărat. Meanwhile, Bacovia found work as a teacher of drawing and calligraphy at the Boys' Commercial School in Bacău. By 1925, however, he had become the primary director of the review
Ateneu cultural, and published his book of poetry
Scântei galbene (
Yellow sparks) at his own expense. In the same year
Bucăți de noapte (
Night fragments) appeared in an edition edited by the poet Agatha Grigorescu. In 1926 he returned to the Boys' Commercial School and continued to teach drawing and calligraphy. In 1928, Bacovia married
Agatha Grigorescu, editor of
Bucăți de noapte, and settled in Bucharest, where his wife was a teacher. In 1929, he republished
Plumb and
Scântei galbene in a single edition, entitled
Poezii and produced by Editura Ancora; soon after, the dormant review
Orizonturi noi resumed publication under his direction. He gained a post as an inspector at the Ministry of Popular Education, but after the publication of his collection
Cu voi (
With you), he returned with his wife to Bacău, where he spent three years unemployed. In 1931, Agatha gave birth to Bacovia's only son, Gabriel; in 1932, the Romanian Society of Writers approved a monthly pension of 1,000
lei. The family returned to Bucharest permanently in 1933, never to move away again. In 1934, Bacovia published an anthology of his poems entitled
Poezii; in 1940, his pension increased to 2,000 lei per month. He then founded the House of Pensions for Writers, from which he subsequently drew a 10,000 lei monthly pension. In 1944 his
Opere (
Works) appeared, a collection including all of his previously published works.
After the war In 1945 Bacovia was named librarian of the Ministry of Mines and Oil. He continued to write, and in 1946 published the volume
Stanțe burgheze (literally translated into English
Bourgeois Stanzas), which led to his hiring by the Ministry of the Arts. In 1956 he published his final volume of
Poezii before dying on the afternoon of 22 May 1957 in his Bucharest residence. ==Critical reception==