He graduated with an Honours M.A. degree in Political Economy with Economic History from
Glasgow University in 1966; qualified as a Chartered Management Accountant in 1969 (later becoming a Fellow of the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants, FCMA); graduated with a First Class Honours B.Sc. degree in psychology from
Birkbeck College, University of London, in 1983; with a PG Diploma in Clinical Criminology from
Birmingham University in 1998; and with an Advanced PG Diploma in the Management of Psychological Trauma from
Nottingham Trent University in 2000. In 2022, WAVE Trust attracted national attention when it was revealed that the charity did not consider child sexual abuse to be an adverse childhood experience. ==References==