by
Pieter de Jode II George William was born in
Herzberg am Harz, the second son of
George, Prince of Calenberg. He had an elder brother, two younger brothers, and several sisters, including
Queen Sophia Amalie of
Denmark.
Succession In 1648, when George William's elder brother,
Christian Louis, Prince of Calenberg, inherited the
Principality of Lüneburg from their paternal uncle,
Frederick IV, he gave Calenberg to George William in
appanage. Seventeen years later, in 1665, Christian Louis himself died childless, and George William inherited Luneburg as well. He then gave Calenberg to his next brother,
John Frederick. The renunciation of claim to Luneburg had in fact happened seven years previously, in 1658. In exchange for being freed from the obligation to marry
Princess Sophia of the Palatinate, George William ceded his claim on inheriting Lüneburg to his youngest brother
Ernest Augustus, settling for the smaller duchy of
Celle and promising to remain unmarried so that he would produce no legitimate heir who might pose a challenge to his brother's claim to Luneburg. The absence of heirs would also mean that Celle would lapse back into Luneburg; Celle was only supposed to give George William an income for his lifetime. After reaching this agreement, George William's youngest brother, Ernest Augustus, married Sophia and became the Duke of Hanover.
Marriage and issue This renunciation left George William free to marry whoever he wished, and indulge his desires to travel and socialize, without being encumbered by considerations of state. In 1665, George William entered into a
morganatic marriage with his long-time mistress,
Eleanor, Countess of Wilhelmsburg. In 1666, their only child and daughter,
Sophia Dorothea, was born. By 1676, it had become quite clear that among the four brothers (George William and three others), only the youngest, Ernest Augustus, had produced any heirs male, and that the entire duchy of Luneburg was likely to be united under Ernest Augustus's eldest son
George Louis. George William therefore wanted George Louis to marry his daughter Sophia, whose marriage prospects were otherwise not bright, given the circumstances of her birth. To George William's annoyance, George Louis and his parents refused the proposal on the grounds of status. At this point (in 1676), to improve the status of Eleonore and their daughter, and in open violation of his promise, George William legitimized his daughter and declared that his marriage to Eleonore was not morganatic but valid to both church and state. This development greatly alarmed his relatives, as it threatened to hinder the contemplated union of the Lüneburg territories. Indeed, if George William had had a son, a serious succession crisis could have arisen. No son however was born, and in 1682, George Louis' parents finally agreed to the proposed marriage as a way of avoiding uncertainty and dispute. Sophia married George Louis in 1682. They had a son and heir the following year, named George after his father and maternal grandfather: the future George II of Britain.
Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg In 1689,
Julius Francis, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg, died leaving no son and no accepted heir male, but only two daughters,
Anna Maria and
Sibylle. The duchy had followed the
Salic law since time immemorial, but Duke Julius Francis decided to nominate his elder daughter as his heir and proclaimed laws permitting female succession in his duchy. This self-serving innovation was not accepted by senior members of his dynasty (the other potential successors) and a succession crisis ensued. George William was one of the nearest and senior-most male-line claimants to the succession. Shortly after the death of the duke, George William invaded the duchy with his troops and occupied it. The other claimants included the five Ascanian-ruled Principalities of
Anhalt,
Saxony,
Saxe-Wittenberg,
Sweden and
Brandenburg, and also the neighbouring
Mecklenburg-Schwerin and the Danish
duchy of Holstein, whose ruler was the King of
Denmark. However, only George William and
Christian V of Denmark (whose mother was George William's own sister) engaged militarily on this question. An accord was soon reached between them, and on 9 October 1693 they agreed (in the Hamburg Comparison, or
Hamburger Vergleich) that George William - who now
de facto held most of Saxe-Lauenburg - would retain the duchy in a
personal union. Meanwhile, the
Emperor Leopold I, who had no direct claim on the duchy, occupied the
Land of Hadeln, a Saxe-Lauenburgian
exclave, and held it in imperial custody. Apart from that, Leopold did not attempt to use force in Saxe-Lauenburg. In 1728, his son the
Emperor Charles VI finally legitimised the
de facto takeover and enfeoffed George William's grandson and second successor,
George II of Great Britain (who was also
Elector of Hanover) with the duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg, but Hadeln remained in imperial custody until 1731, when it was also ceded to George II Augustus. George William died in
Wienhausen, aged 81.
Other military feats During the
Swedish-Brandenburg War, George William participated from 1675 to 1676 in the
campaign against Bremen-Verden as commander-in-chief of the allied forces against Sweden. ==Ancestry==