Treviglio

The name Treviglio derives from Trevillae, referring to three rural communities that merged for defensive purposes. Portoli, Pisgnano, and Cusarola united to form a fortified center called Trivillium. A less likely theory suggests the name comes from the Latin Trivium, meaning a crossroads of three roads, known as a trivium. This hypothesis is plausible, as the original castrum vetus (old fort) was built at the intersection of three roads leading to the three original settlements. Throughout history, the city has been known by various names, including Trivilio, Trevì, Trevino, and Trevilio, before ultimately adopting Treviglio as its official name. == Geography ==

Treviglio's territory spans 32.22 km², located within the Gera d'Adda, a region largely within the lower Bergamasque area between the Adda and Serio Rivers, approximately 2 km from the former. It borders the municipalities of Arcene, Brignano Gera d'Adda, Calvenzano, Caravaggio, Casirate d'Adda, Cassano d'Adda (MI), Castel Rozzone, Fara Gera d'Adda, and Pontirolo Nuovo. Although situated in the Po Valley, the terrain features elevation changes of up to 15 metres near the Adda River due to a morphological terrace known as the Treviglio Coast. The city's central core lies at 125 metres above sea level, with the altitude varying by 35 metres, gradually decreasing from the northeast to the southwest. Beneath the alluvial layer, the terrain includes strata from the Quaternary, marine deposits, Pliocene, Langhian, Aquitanian, and Holocene periods. The western part of the municipal territory is crossed by a morphological terrace called the Treviglio Coast, dividing the municipality into two distinct zones: the eastern area, encompassing the city center, most of Geromina, and all of Battaglie and Castel Cerreto, dates to the Pleistocene, while a smaller western portion, including the Pezzoli farmstead and the Treviza lake, belongs to the Holocene. It is classified as Zone 3 (low seismicity) by the Protezione Civile. Treviglio experiences minimal wind activity at ground level due to the region's geographical configuration. Wind speeds typically remain below 0.5 m/s, decreasing further in winter. According to the Italian climate classification system, Treviglio is in Zone E with 2,237 DD. == History ==

Treviglio's origins trace back to the Early Middle Ages, This unification was gradual, making it impossible to pinpoint an exact founding date. mentioning the new village dates to November 964, a land swap contract between Odelrico, the Bishop of Bergamo, and Garibaldo of Stagiano. It involved the sale of several pertiche of land. These consuls served six-month terms, ensuring all citizens had a turn in governance. Middle Ages Around the year 1000, Treviglio's population grew with the arrival of residents from Oriano, a municipality near Brescia destroyed during conflicts between Arduin of Ivrea and Henry II over the Italian crown. These newcomers settled in the southeast, prompting an expansion of the walls and the addition of a fourth gate, named Oriano. After a period of dependence on the San Simpliciano Monastery in Milan, Treviglio gained autonomy from the Empire and later the Visconti family, becoming directly dependent on the Imperial Chamber and subsequently the Milan Senate. From 1395 to 1789, it was a "separate territory of the Duchy of Milan," except for brief periods of Venetian control (1431–1433, 1448–1453, and 1499 to 1509), when Venice had conquered most of Bergamo's territory. The final Venetian occupation ended on 8 May 1509, with the sacking and burning of Treviglio, then home to over 13,000 inhabitants. This event shocked Louis XII, who, observing the flames from across the Adda in Cassano, crossed the river and decisively defeated the Venetians at Agnadello. From then on, the Gera d'Adda was firmly tied to Milan, and Venice halted its mainland expansion. In 1522, during the war between Francis I of France and Emperor Charles V for European dominance, Treviglio faced another threat of sacking but was spared. Chronicles attribute the town's salvation to the miraculous weeping of a Madonna fresco in the Augustinian monastery. French general Odet de Foix, Viscount of Lautrec, reportedly laid down his helmet and sword (still preserved in the Sanctuary) at the Virgin's feet on 27 February, ordering his troops to withdraw. In 1758, reforms by Empress Maria Theresa replaced Treviglio's democratic system with an oligarchy of landowners. The old consulate was replaced by a 16-member Regency, with routine administration handled by a five-member Property Assessment Board composed of the wealthiest landowners. Its current location in the province of Bergamo dates back to 1798 when the Jacobin revolutionaries established it. Symbols Municipal coat of arms and banner The symbol of the municipality is its coat of arms, officially recognized by a decree of the Head of Government, Prime Minister, and Secretary of State on 4 December 1932. The coat of arms features three animals: two lions symbolizing the citizens, an eagle representing the Ghibelline imperial past, and a pig denoting prosperity. The two lions rampant beneath the tower are still visible there. It was restored on 8 January 1860 by Victor Emmanuel II, during the Risorgimento. == Demographics ==

In 1501, the population of Treviglio exceeded inhabitants. Between 1805 and 1810, the population grew from to inhabitants due to the temporary Napoleonic annexation of Calvenzano and Casirate, which were later separated during the Conservative Order. Consequently, by 1816, the population had decreased to inhabitants. At the time of the Unification of Italy, Treviglio had inhabitants, making it the second most populous municipality in the Province of Bergamo. Immigration Languages and dialects The Treviglio dialect belongs to the group of Eastern Lombard or Orobic dialects. It differs significantly from the dialect spoken in the city of Bergamo, the Bergamasque valleys, and the dialects of the lower Bergamasque municipalities beyond the Gera d'Adda region. The Treviglio dialect features softer sounds compared to the Bergamasque dialects spoken in the north of the province, as it is more influenced by surrounding dialects, such as the Cremish dialect and, in particular, the Milanese dialect. The sounds are less aspirated than in nearby dialects where the "s" is aspirated (e.g., in Cologno al Serio), and there is a tendency to replace the "s" with an "h" in words like sura (above) or hura. Reflecting its historical ties to Milan, the dialect includes many terms of clear Milanese origin, such as: cardiga (chair), cicinì (a little), and furcheta (fork). Words are typically truncated: prestinèr (baker), legnamèr (carpenter), sindèch (mayor), francès (French), inglès (English). For terms related to professions, the suffix -èr is commonly used. With the exception of the number "one," the numbering system follows the Milanese dialect. Religion The predominant religion in Treviglio is Catholicism. Although located in the Province of Bergamo, the municipality is part of the Archdiocese of Milan, specifically within the VI pastoral zone of Melegnano. retains the Roman Rite. Over the centuries, this has been a significant point of contention between senior Milanese prelates, including Charles Borromeo, and the Treviglio clergy, who, with the support of the local population, ensured the Roman Rite was maintained. The municipality is home to the Daughters of the Church, a female religious institute. Until 2015, the Sisters of Maria Bambina were present at the Collegio degli Angeli, along with the male religious institutes of the Montfort Missionaries and the Salesians, as well as the male apostolic life society of the White Fathers. In addition to Catholicism, Islam (primarily Sunni) is practiced, with a place of worship located near the central station. Quality of life Environmental monitoring Air quality in Treviglio is poor, consistent with the rest of the Po Valley, one of Europe's most polluted areas. However, a slight improvement trend has been observed. In 2023, the number of days exceeding the legal limit for average PM10 levels was 28, an improvement from the 35 days recorded the previous year. Through resolution no. 94 of 12 June 2007, the Treviglio municipal council established an agreement with the ARPA for environmental monitoring within its territory. This decision was ratified on 4 October 2007 through a formal agreement. The activities include: • Thirty samples of industrial water discharges into surface watercourses; • Monitoring of atmospheric emissions from five companies located in the municipality, with five separate air quality monitoring campaigns using passive activated carbon detectors; • Twelve inspections of diesel vehicle exhaust gases using an opacimeter; • Ten soil inspections following the spreading of sludge and livestock waste in agriculture; • Five noise level measurements at businesses designated by the municipality. Analytical data on water samples, despite detecting high concentrations of hexavalent chromium, were found to comply with current regulations. Following the 2008 assessments, the council decided to include monitoring of electromagnetic pollution and a census of asbestos in 2009, the latter in accordance with the regional asbestos plan established by the Region of Lombardy. == Institutions ==

The Treviglio-Caravaggio Hospital, built in 1971 by the municipalities of Treviglio and Caravaggio following the closure of two hospitals, is the largest hospital in the area. The facility, expanded in the early 21st century, heads the ASST Bergamo West. A branch of the Bergamo court had previously been located in the municipality, but it closed in 2013. == Culture ==

Traditions and folklore Among the main traditional events held in the municipality are: • Patronal feast of Our Lady of Tears: Held on the last day of February with a solemn Mass led by the Cardinal of Milan at the sanctuary in the presence of civil authorities. The celebration marks the town's deliverance from destruction, attributed to the intervention of the Virgin Mary. • Patronal feast of Saint Martin: Celebrated on 11 November. • The medieval dinner is held at the end of June in the cloister of the library, which was formerly a hospital and, earlier, a monastery. The dinner is served by participants in historical costumes, and food is consumed strictly by hand. Guests may participate in historical attire upon request. • The Festival of Saint Anne has been held since 2001 during the last weekend of July in Garibaldi Square. • Historical parade "Miracol si grida": Held on the first Sunday of March (or the second in case of bad weather) in the historic center, starting from the main square with four processions heading toward the four city gates, then reuniting in the square and proceeding to the sanctuary square. The processions conclude with a performance by flag throwers and a return to Garibaldi Square. == Sights ==

Religious architecture Basilica of Saint Martin and Saint Mary of the Assumption Constructed in 1008 on the site of a pre-Romanesque church dedicated to the Assumption of Mary, the basilica underwent several expansions over the centuries. In 1482, it was enlarged and remodeled in the Lombard Gothic style, and in the 1500s, it was enriched with works by Gian Paolo Cavagna. Adjacent to the basilica is the civic tower, a Lombard Gothic bell tower built around 1008. Standing 60 meters tall, it is the quintessential symbol of the city, visible from kilometers away. Historically, it served military purposes, signaling dangers to neighboring municipalities. On August 30, 2008, Poste Italiane issued a postage stamp commemorating the millennium of the bell tower, featuring an image of it. Sanctuary of the Madonna of Tears The Sanctuary of the Madonna of Tears opened for worship on 19 June 1619, when the image of the Madonna of Tears was transferred from the Augustinian monastery, where the miracle occurred, to the main altar, designed by the Caravaggian architect Fabio Mangone. The sword and helmet of the viscount of Lautrec are still preserved beneath the image. The sanctuary houses frescoes and paintings by Molinari, the Galliari brothers, Cresseri, Montalti, and Bernardino Butinone. In the 19th century, the building was further modified, including its facade, interior, and the addition of a bell tower. Built after the 1529 plague, it honors the saint traditionally invoked against the plague. It has three naves, with the central nave being taller than the lateral ones. The gabled facade includes a pronaos-like structure with a pitched roof supported by two pillars. The western wall curves symmetrically with the apse, adorned with a large mosaic depicting the calling of St. Peter, created in 1997 by Italo Peresson based on a design by Trento Longaretti. The church overlooks the modern Piazza Paolo VI and is accompanied by parish facilities and a bell tower. Church of Saint Zeno The Church of Saint Zeno, located northeast of the historic center, is named after the ancient church of Saint Zeno in the village of Cusarola, one of the three villae that formed Treviglio. Housed in a renovated warehouse, the modern structure is surrounded by olive trees. Light enters through colorful stained glass windows by Tito Toneguzzo and sons, based on sketches by Trento Longaretti, depicting biblical scenes. The building, featuring a portico at the front, was constructed in the 1970s as the surrounding area developed into a new neighborhood. It was consecrated on Sunday, 18 October 1981, by Cardinal Carlo Maria Martini. Cemetery The municipal cemetery, located in the eastern part of the municipality on Via Abate Crippa, has a roughly rectangular layout along an east-west axis. Its entrance is on the southern side, with a semicircular mortuary chapel dedicated to the fallen on the northern side. • The Chapel of the Miracle, part of the Augustinian convent until 1900; • Church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus in Battaglie; • Church of the Most Holy Redeemer; • Church of the Holy Name of Mary, the parish church of Geromina; • Church of the Transfiguration; • Church of Saint Francis, the main church of the western neighborhood, built in the 1980s; • Church of Saint Jerome and Saint Francis in Castel Cerreto; • Church of Saint Joseph, within the orphanage complex on Via Casnida; • Church of the Saint Mary of the Annunciation, the parish church of the convent; • Church of the Infant Mary, within the Collegio degli Angeli; • Chapel of the Madonna of the Alpini, located in the Roccolo Park; • Former Church of Saint Martha, now in ruins in the northern zone. Civil architecture ;Palazzo Pirovano A building of significant artistic value, located in the city's heart opposite the Sanctuary of the Madonna of Tears. Renowned for its striking beauty and historical prestige, it once housed the Galliari brothers. The palace, protected by cultural heritage organizations, features a grand Baroque-style entrance hall leading to a garden with an elegant fountain, reminiscent of a Roman domus. Its rooms are adorned with frescoes and intricate ancient decorations. ;Casa Della Piazza Known as the pilgrims' hospice, Casa Della Piazza faces Piazza Manara, situated between the basilica and the municipal palace. Its facade displays coats of arms and traces of ancient openings framed by brickwork. It was named after Simone Della Piazza, who lived there in the 16th century. Upon his death without heirs in 1529, he willed it to serve as a hospice for pilgrims. ;Casa Semenza This house boasts a painted facade and frescoes in its interior rooms. designed to keep workers occupied and curb social issues such as alcoholism. The street is named after Monsignor Ambrogio Portaluppi, who, through the future rural bank, supported public works aligned with Rerum Novarum. A cascina called Santissimo is also located at the rear, built in the early 20th century. ;Former monastery of Benedictine nuns The former Monastery of the Benedictine nuns was built around the Church of St. Peter, constructed in 1037. In 1499, it became a convent of the Poor Clares. From the end of the 18th century until the present day, it has housed the Hospital of Santa Maria. ;Municipal Palace The core of the current municipal palace, documented as the pallatium novum communitatis in 1269, was completed in 1300. Initially featuring a balcony and two stories, it was fully renovated in 1582. ;Walls and moat The walls built during Venetian rule were demolished between the 19th and 20th century as the city expanded, though they shaped the urban layout of the historic center. Only a height difference near the sanctuary remains visible. The moat skirting the historic center, once fed by the Mulina canal, lies buried beneath the inner ring road. Other ;Votive shrines Numerous votive shrines, significant places of worship with deep-rooted traditions, dot the city. Historically, they served as landmarks for identifying zones and streets before formal toponymy was established. ;Madonna of Milk At the intersection of Via Municipio and Via Sant'Agostino, a votive shrine depicting the Madonna of Milk, painted by Giacomo Manetta, stands. According to local tradition, new mothers visited the shrine to pray for abundant milk for their newborns, giving rise to its name. Since 1987, the original canvas painting has been removed for safekeeping and replaced with a faithful reproduction. ;Piazza Manara Piazza Manara, the city's central square, is dedicated to Milanese patriot Luciano Manara, who stayed in a building facing the square. It is flanked by the Basilica of Saint Martin and Saint Mary of the Assumption and the municipal palace. To the southwest, it opens onto the larger, elongated Piazza Garibaldi. Named after Manara in the mid-19th century, it was previously called Piazza San Martino and, in medieval times before the basilica's construction, Piazza della Comunità. The L-shaped square connects to four streets leading to the city's historic gates: Via Roma, Via Fratelli Galliari, Via Verga, and Via San Martino. Other adjacent streets include Vicolo Teatro, a closed alley once behind the social theater, and Via Municipio, which runs alongside the municipal palace for half its length. Nearby stands the Gothic house, built around 1300 with smooth, rounded stones from the Adda River bed, recently restored. ;Sanctuary Square The square is home to one of the three obelisks erected in the city in memory of the victims of the plague of 1630. This obelisk was previously located at the end of the Mulina canal on Felice Cavallotti street. It is also the site of the Filodrammatici Theatre, characterized by its Art Nouveau style, the convent of the Daughters of the Church, and the remaining part of the Augustinian monastery, dating back to the 11th century. According to Catholic tradition, the miracle of the weeping Madonna took place in its church on February 28, 1522. The Augustinian monastery no longer houses any religious order, as it was suppressed with the arrival of Napoleonic revolutionaries. The portico connecting to the Sanctuary and the Ecce Homo church were removed in the early 20th century during the expansion of the sanctuary, which led to the creation of the square itself. Archaeological sites ;Sites in the historic center Some artifacts have also been found in the historic center, particularly at the base of the Basilica of San Martino and Santa Maria Assunta. In Via Verga, artifacts from the Diocletian era were discovered, including an amphora containing 30 kilograms of coins. These coins were likely hidden underground to evade the tax increases imposed by the emperor. ;San Maurizio Church Field Among the main archaeological sites is the field surrounding the San Maurizio Church, where numerous archaeological artifacts have been found. ;Other sites Other artifacts have been found in the fields around the city, particularly near the frazioni of Castel Cerreto and Pezzoli and the cascine of Peliza and San Zeno. Museums The city is home to the SAME Museum, dedicated to narrating the history of agricultural mechanization in Italy and Europe through the display of items related to the SAME Deutz-Fahr group, including tractors and various mechanical components. The institution shares its space with the SDF Historical Archive and is part of the Lombardy Design Museums Circuit. Natural areas ;Chestnut Forest The chestnut forest near the hamlet of Castel Cerreto is one of the few remaining forests from the ancient era of deforestation for wood and cultivated land. The forest features various plant species, including chestnut trees, with information panels. ;Parco del Roccolo The Parco del Roccolo is a wildlife garden of approximately  m² located in the southwest area of Treviglio, along Via del Bosco, dedicated to recreational and sports activities, as well as occasional liturgical activities. It is also possible to take educational-naturalistic tours in the summer. that extends across the northwestern part of the municipality and then into the neighboring municipalities of Arcene, Canonica d'Adda, Casirate d'Adda, Ciserano, Fara Gera d'Adda, and Pontirolo Nuovo. Since 2016, Treviglio has chaired the council meetings, assuming the role previously held by Fara Gera d'Adda as the lead municipality. == Education ==

Archives and libraries Treviglio has a municipal historical archive and a historical collection of texts available at the library for on-site consultation only. This collection includes two ancient fonds The ancient fonds include those of Tommaso Grossi and Carlo Cameroni, The collection grew with donations from Gian Battisti Crippa, Andrea Verga, Giacomo Sangalli, Giuseppe Grossi, and Agostino Cameroni, and currently holds books, including from the historical collection stored in the archive. Other libraries The central library serves as the hub of a coordinated library system, which includes four peripheral libraries under its management, located in the western and northern zones and in the hamlets of Geromina and Castel Cerreto. The university, which is now closed, primarily focused on researching economics, mathematics, and statistics. Schools The Treviglio area offers educational opportunities at all levels, from nursery schools to secondary schools. Public institutions include four kindergartens, five primary schools, three lower secondary schools, and five upper secondary schools (with various evening courses). Private institutions include two kindergartens, three primary schools, two lower secondary schools, and two upper secondary schools. Museums Ernesto and Teresa Della Torre Civic Museum The establishment of the civic museum resulted from two significant art donations by Giovan Battista Dell'Era and, in 1961, by Professor Pier Luigi Della Torre, who, through his will, established a civic art gallery. Two streets in the historic center are named after them. The museum primarily includes paintings, sculptures, and prints from various periods and is named after Pier Luigi Della Torre's parents, Ernesto and Teresa Pedrazzini. Other significant donations were made by Trento Longaretti, Luigi Cassani, and Tommaso Grossi. Some works originate from the former monastery of San Pietro. The museum also features an archaeological section in the adjacent "Giuseppe Oggionni" museum and a scientific section with the interactive Explorazione museum in Piazza Mercato. SAME Deutz-Fahr Group Historical Museum The historical museum of the SAME Deutz-Fahr (SDF) group showcases, through textual and photographic materials, key milestones in the history of agricultural mechanization, highlighting innovations introduced by the four major SDF brands. The museum is located within the company's headquarters. Cassa Rurale Art Gallery The art gallery makes its artistic heritage available to municipalities and public and private entities where the Cassa Rurale and its foundation operate. The gallery includes many works by Treviglio painters from different centuries and organizes periodic exhibitions. == Media ==

Press Two weekly newspapers, Il Popolo Cattolico and Il Giornale di Treviglio, are published in Treviglio. 'l Biligot Additionally, there is an annual satirical magazine, l Biligot, which features humorous episodes involving local citizens, narrated through poems and nursery rhymes in the Treviglio and Bergamasque dialect. The magazine is published around the Feast of the Madonna delle Lacrime, which is held on February 28. following the closure of the previous local Catholic newspaper due to influences from the Cremasque left. The newspaper, one of the few remaining in smaller towns, continued publishing without interruption during the Second World War and is owned by the parish of San Martino. It includes a monthly supplement page from Il Galileo, edited by students of the Galileo Galilei secondary school in Caravaggio. Radio Radio Zeta and Discoradio Radio Zeta was founded in Treviglio on 6 November 1976, by Angelo Zibetti. The radio broadcasts in FM on dual frequencies and can be heard in nearly all regions of Northern Italy. Art The main Treviglio artists have primarily focused on painting (Zenale, Butinone, Dell'Era, Longaretti, Mombrini, and Manenti) and sculpture (Mombrini and Manenti). The main styles that have influenced local art are Lombard Gothic architecture and Art Nouveau. The latter is visible not only on the exterior of the theatre but also on many private homes and balconies. A notable area in this regard is the square of the Sanctuary, renovated at the beginning of the 20th century. Theatre Filodrammatici Theatre The Filodrammatici Theatre was the city's only public theatre from the demolition of the Teatro Sociale in 1964 until 2015, when it was succeeded by the former UPIM building, where the new Treviglio Theatre (TNT) was opened. Curiously, the secondary street behind the square continues to be called Vicolo del Teatro. The Filodrammatici Theatre is located in the northwest corner of the Sanctuary square. Designed by Carlo Bedolini in 1898, it was built in the early 20th century in the Art Nouveau style and inaugurated on 15 July 1905. Cinema Treviglio was the setting for the Palme d'Or-winning film at the Cannes Film Festival The Tree of Wooden Clogs by Ermanno Olmi. The supporting actor Batistì hailed from the municipal hamlet of Castel Cerreto, as did many other non-professional actors. Additionally, a scene set in Milan's Navigli was filmed along Via Cavallotti by the canal. Music The Treviglio City Musical Corps is noteworthy. It was established in 1820 by the Brugnetti family from Treviglio as the "Società Filarmonica della Banda di Treviglio", though the founder's name is unknown. The Philharmonic's first concert took place on 27 February 1822, opening the celebrations for the third centenary of the Miracle of the Madonna delle Lacrime in Treviglio. The Philharmonic also performed in 1846 during the inauguration of the Milan-Treviglio section of the Imperial Royal Milan-Venice Railway and in 1848, when Treviglio celebrated the retreat of Marshal Radetzky from Milan. In 1872, the musical corps had too many musicians and two conductors, leading to a split into two groups: the Civic Band and the New "Giuseppe Verdi" Philharmonic Orchestra, led by conductor Pietro Martinelli, who died in 1903, after whom a street in the city was named. Both bands performed at funerals, religious processions, and patriotic parades. Following the Catholic Church's non expedit decree in 1874, in which Pope Pius IX declared it unacceptable for Italian Catholics to participate in politics, the clerical faction founded the San Carlo Band in 1896, based at the Salesian Institute. The three bands coexisted, sharing responsibilities until 1914. After World War I, in 1919, the three bands merged into a single Municipal Band. During the fascist period, the band faced disorganization. The San Carlo Band, reconstituted after World War II, ceased activity. In 1960, its musicians joined the Municipal Band, which became the new Treviglio City Band. Since 1986, the ensemble has been known as the Treviglio City Musical Corps. In 2000, it participated in the National Competition in Cascina, and in 2001, in the International Flicorno d'oro Competition. In 2017, the "Ce.S.M. Young Ensemble," a group of musicians from the Corps, participated in a musical project in Saint Petersburg. The Philharmonic performs numerous concerts in the city, including the characteristic Christmas concert and others during major holidays, and has collaborated with various artists. The ICAT choir is also based in the city, formed in 1967 as a male choir dedicated to performing traditional and folk songs. Cuisine Treviglio's cuisine is characteristic of the culinary traditions of the Lombard plain. A signature product is the cake called Turta de Treì, a crumbly shortcrust pastry in a circular shape filled with almonds and butter; it was created in the early 1990s. Events Among the main events held in the municipality are: • Trevigliopoesia, a poetry festival. The event is held at the end of May and lasts for four days, with participants from around the world. • The Bassa Bergamasca Agricultural Fair, lasting three days at the end of April, held in the fairground area with the patronage of the municipality of Treviglio, the Province of Bergamo, and the Chamber of Commerce since 1981. == Urban planning ==

Structure of the historic center The layout of the historic center is orthogonal, a result of centuriation. The original defensive core, known as castrum vetus, was located in the current Piazza Manara, Piazza Garibaldi, and Via Galliari, surrounded by a moat, with its entrance at the present-day Vicolo Teatro. Later, it was enclosed by a second set of walls and a triple moat, which stood where the current inner ring road is located. There were also four towers positioned at the four city gates, oriented toward the four cardinal directions along Via Roma, Via Galliari, Via Verga, and Via San Martino. The streets of the historic center have retained their medieval layout, which is why they are never completely straight but slightly curved to disorient potential enemies. This became more challenging with the construction of the bell tower, which served as a reference point to reach the main square. Historic center The historic center of Treviglio encompasses the area within the inner ring road of Treviglio. In the past, this ring road did not exist, as it was occupied by the moat of the village. The historic center's orthogonal layout derives from centuriation. It has retained its original structure, although in the early 20th century, the walls were removed to facilitate economic development. The main streets are still the same as those of the original four gates: Via Galliari, Via Roma, Via Verga, and Via San Martino, along with Via Sangalli, where Porta Stoppa was located, which was walled up with the opening of Porta Nuova in the parallel Via San Martino. Frazioni (localities) Battaglie The hamlet of Battaglie is named after the eponymous cascina. The origin of the name is unknown, as no battle is recorded to have taken place there. The historic Bianchi factory and a centuries-old mulberry tree are located within a cascina. Castel Cerreto The hamlet of Castel Cerreto (Serìt in the Bergamasque dialect) is located in the northernmost part of the municipal territory and functions as a relatively autonomous village from the main town. It is primarily an agricultural center in the countryside, with a few hundred inhabitants. The name refers to the residence of the Rozzone, local lords during the Middle Ages. Geromina The most populous hamlet is Geromina (Girumina in the Bergamasque dialect), located along the road to Canonica d'Adda. Although once primarily agricultural, it has experienced significant residential growth in recent decades, with a population of approximately inhabitants. It has a primary school, a bank, the church of the Holy Name of Mary, an oratory, several sports facilities, and about ten public parks. Pezzoli The hamlet of Pezzoli is named after the eponymous cascina. The Pezzoli Cascina is home to an educational farm accredited by the region and province. The farm houses various animal species, including exotic ones. Other localities in the territory ;Balagia: A former locality in the heath north of Treviglio, a natural pasture bordering Arcene and Pontirolo Nuovo. ;Blancanuda: An ancient settlement of farmhouses on the left bank of the Adda, near the current Cascina Cornella. Located in a particularly fertile area bordering Casirate d'Adda and Fara Gera d'Adda, it was only partially within Treviglio's territory. Much of the area is now part of Cassano d'Adda. The name, combining "bianca" (white) and "nuda" (bare), likely refers to a distinctive landscape feature. In 1509, the French army camped there the day before the Battle of Agnadello. ;Brughera: A term designating lands between Pontirolo Nuovo, Fara Gera d'Adda, and Treviglio. Of ancient but unknown origin, these areas, once wooded, were transformed into fields while retaining their original appearance. In the Middle Ages, they were purchased by residents of Porta Zelute, later Zeduro, now Via Roma, from the municipality of Pontirolo Nuovo, and have since remained part of Treviglio. ;Ferrandino: A small former hamlet of Treviglio, named after a rural property in the 17th century owned by Tommaso Ferrando, nicknamed "giumenteso." The nickname is preserved by a branch of the family. ;Cascine Dotti, Giuseppana, Pelisa, and Santissimo: Each has a few dozen inhabitants. The name Pelisa means "fine meadow grass." ;Gerundio: The name of the coastal and sub-coastal area centered on the state road to Milan, derived from the ancient Lake Gerundo. ;Roccolo: A popular spot for Treviglio residents' outings, located southwest of the municipality in Via del Bosco. It is home to the eponymous park. ;Valle del Lupo: A wild area north of Treviglio, in the final municipal section of the Vailata canal near Via Canonica at the height of Castel Cerreto. It features a stone bridge that historically connected Castel Cerreto and Fara Gera d'Adda. Roman artifacts have been found in the area. Until around 1830, it was inhabited by wolves. == Economy ==

Economic activities have long been a strength of the city, which, as early as 1081, was called Trivillium Grassum in an imperial decree by Henry IV due to its prosperity. As a free commune, it was exempt from taxes until 1815, despite frequent raids by foreign armies imposing extraordinary levies. Treviglio's economic model has evolved over time, particularly after World War II, transitioning from primarily agricultural and artisanal to industrial, and, since the 1990s, seeing growth in the tertiary sector. Key players in this process include Baslini and SAME. Agriculture The soil of Treviglio was originally arid and gravelly, less suited for agriculture, but canalization of nearby rivers starting in the Middle Ages significantly improved conditions. The Moschetta and Vignola canals were derived from the Brembo at Brembate, where the waterkeeper's house is located, while the Vailata canal was derived from the Adda at Fara Gera d'Adda. The first two flow north of the municipality, while the third runs through the western section of the municipal territory. Little remains of the mulberry trees that once fueled the city's textile industry, though some specimens remain in the Roccolo Park. In the past, surface mines for gravel materials were active, including the Vailata quarry near the road to Casirate d'Adda. Craftsmanship Fine furniture is among the local craft products widespread in Treviglio and its surroundings. In the past, high-quality yarns were produced near the current Viale Filagno. Some of these yarns depict scenes of the Adda crossing at Cassano and are preserved in the treasury of Monza Cathedral. Industry Treviglio is home to numerous industries that benefit from its excellent road and rail connections. The most prominent is the SAME Deutz-Fahr group, the world's fourth-largest tractor producer and the leading one in Europe (including the SAME, Lamborghini, Hürlimann, and Deutz-Fahr brands). This has earned Treviglio the nickname "the city of tractors". a bicycle manufacturer, is also located in the city. Since 2006, the Eurogravure printing company, part of the Arvato group controlled by Bertelsmann, has been established in the PIP 1 zone. A notable company from the past was Atlantic, known internationally for its toy production, particularly its toy soldiers. PIP 1 Zone The PIP 1 zone is Treviglio's oldest industrial area, located in the southwestern part of the municipal territory, south of the Milan-Venice railway and southwest of the central station. It is home to numerous companies, including the Eurogravure printing company. PIP 2 Zone Treviglio's most recent industrial area is the PIP 2 zone, which is home to numerous commercial and artisanal businesses, as well as the city's main landfill. It is located south of the Milan-Venice railway near the branch heading toward Cremona. Services The tertiary sector has also become well-established in the municipal territory. It is home to numerous insurance companies and banks. The Cassa Rurale e Artigiana, the main bank of the Gera d'Adda, has its headquarters there. The Treviglio Commerce District Association oversees most of the city's retail sector. Tourism With a basilica, an imposing bell tower, the Sanctuary of the Madonna delle Lacrime, and various museums, Treviglio has a strong tourism potential, though it is less visited for religious purposes compared to nearby Caravaggio, known worldwide for its sanctuary. Although tourist flows are present, they are limited and mostly linked to twinning arrangements and local events, such as the Feast of the Miracle and its historical parade. == Transport ==

Roads South of the city lies the A35-BreBeMi motorway, with the Treviglio toll booth located in the western part of the city. The city is crossed by the Strada statale 11 Padana Superiore, connecting Turin to Venice, which was the main east-west axis of Northern Italy until the 1960s. Several provincial and state roads originate in Treviglio, including the Strada statale 42 del Tonale e della Mendola, linking the center to Bergamo, Strada Provinciale 128, Strada Provinciale 129, Strada Provinciale 136, Strada Provinciale 141, Strada Provinciale 142, and the Strada statale 472 Bergamina, connecting the municipality to Lodi. Railways Treviglio has two railway facilities: the Treviglio railway station, located on the important Milan-Venice railway and serving as a junction for the lines to Bergamo and Cremona, and the Treviglio Ovest railway station, on the Bergamo line. Since 13 December 2009, Treviglio station has served as the eastern terminus of lines S5 and S6 of the Milan suburban railway service. In the past, the city was also served by the Fornaci-Treviglio-Caravaggio tramway and the Lodi-Treviglio-Bergamo tramway. Public transport The city is served by urban and suburban bus lines operated by SAI, founded in Treviglio in 1920, with eight lines. == Government ==

Directly elected mayors (1993–) == Sports ==

In football, the main club is Trevigliese, which competes in Serie D and has previously participated in several Serie C championships and earlier lower-tier tournaments. In basketball, the main local team is Treviglio Brianza Basket, competing in the Serie B championship. Also noteworthy is Atletica Estrada, which has won numerous national and international trophies and medals with its athletes. Cycling ;Giro d'Italia Treviglio hosted the so-called "Grande Partenza" of the Giro d'Italia in the 1967 edition, with the official start taking place on June 20 from the Edoardo Bianchi factory toward Alessandria, where the first stage concluded with a victory by Giorgio Zancanaro. In total, the city has been a stage location for the "Corsa Rosa" on two occasions (one start and one finish). Sports facilities Among the city's sports facilities are: • PalaFacchetti Sports Hall • Alessandra Quadri Municipal Swimming Pool • "Ambrogio Mazza" Sports Fields • "Mario Zanconti" Sports Fields • "City of Treviglio" Athletics Track • Tennis courts Additionally, seven public school gyms in the city are available: • A. Mozzi School Gym • C. Battisti School Gym • E. De Amicis School Gym • Geromina School Gym • Gatti School Gym • ISIS Zenale e Butinone Gym • T. Grossi School Gym ==Notable people==

• Bernardino Butinone, painter • Bernardo Zenale, painter and architect • Giovan Battista Dell'Era, painter • Andrea Verga, neurologist • Pier Luigi Della Torre, surgeon • Piero Mentasti, politician • Ildebrando Santagiuliana, writer and historian • Tullio Santagiuliana, writer and historian • Trento Longaretti, painter • Ermanno Olmi, film director • Orlando Rozzoni, former footballer • Giuseppe Merisi, Catholic bishop • Giacinto Facchetti, former footballer • Vittorio Carioli, former footballer • Domenico Casati, former footballer • Battista Mombrini, engraver, sculptor and painter • Valeria Fedeli, politician • Edoardo Ronchi, former Minister of Agriculture • Roberto Corti, former footballer • Claudio Vertova, former footballer • Giuseppe Erba, former footballer • Cesare Bornaghi, former Olympic shooter • Simone Albergoni, motorcycle racer • Andrea Possenti, astrophysicist • Alberto Rossini, basketball coach and former player • Emanuele Merisi, former Olympic swimmer • Alberto Belloni, physicist • Enrico Zanoni, footballer ==International relations==

Twin towns - sister cities • Lauingen, Germany • Romsey, United Kingdom == Notes ==