Since the founding of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949, the country has traditionally used proportional representation both at the federal level and in the states. Because a
multi-party system has emerged with two major parties (CDU/CSU and SPD) and a number of smaller parties that are nevertheless frequently represented in parliaments (Greens, FDP, Left, and AfD), single-party governments with absolute majorities are quite rare. At the federal level, a single-party government has occurred only once so far. Between 1957 and 1961, the CDU/CSU held an absolute majority in the Bundestag and was able to govern alone (
Third Adenauer cabinet); even then, the minor
German Party was included in the government for the first three years of its existence, and the government was not a fully single-faction cabinet until those ministers joined the
CDU in July 1960. In the states, single-party governments have been quite rare, with the exception of the
Free State of Bavaria, where the
CSU has many times been able to achieve absolute majorities in state elections. As of January 2024, only one of Germany's 16 states—
Saarland—has a single-party government, led solely by the SPD. There are two two-party coalitions usually preferred for reasons of ideological proximity; the centre-right black-yellow coalition (CDU/CSU and FDP) and the center-left red-green coalition (SPD and Greens). A third type of two-party-coalition, which occurs especially after inconclusive election results, is the
grand coalition of the two larger parties CDU/CSU and SPD. Such coalitions are rare due to the ideological difference between the two but have become more common in the 21st century, with three of
Angela Merkel's four governments being grand coalitions. Parties frequently make statements ahead of elections about which coalitions they categorically reject. In Germany, coalitions rarely consist of more than two parties (CDU and CSU, two allies which on the federal level always form the CDU/CSU
caucus, count as a single party). Starting in the 2010s, coalitions at the state level increasingly have included three parties, often the FDP, Greens, and one of the major parties, or "
red-red-green" coalitions of the SPD, the Left, and the Greens. As of 2017, the Greens have joined governments on the state level in ten coalitions in seven various combinations. The
Danish and
Frisian minorities of
Schleswig-Holstein have their own
ethnic party, called the
South Schleswig Voters' Association (SSW). In state politics, a coalition between the SPD, Greens, and SSW, is called the
coastal coalition, or Gambia coalition because these parties' colors (including the SSW's dark blue) match the
flag of the Gambia. Such a coalition was in power between 2012 and 2017 under minister president
Torsten Albig. In December 2021, following the
2021 German federal election held on 26 September, a
traffic light coalition (SPD, FDP, and Greens) led by
Olaf Scholz took power in Germany, the first time a three-party coalition had formed at the federal level.
Übergroß coalitions Übergroß coalitions (
übergroß meaning extra large) are coalitions that include more parties than mathematically necessary for a majority. The parties are generally reluctant to join coalitions where they are not mathematically needed towards a majority. Übergroß coalitions are usually formed in times of crisis, or when the coalition parties deem it necessary for other reasons. Such a coalition may be assembled when a
supermajority is needed, such as for making constitutional amendments. For this reason, they were common during the early days of the Federal Republic. At the federal level, they were formed twice:
second Adenauer cabinet, where CDU/CSU came just one seat short of majority and could have formed a coalition with just one party but chose to form a coalition with three (FDP, DP and
GB/BHE), and the aforementioned Adenauer III). At the state level, the last time until 2021 that such a coalition was formed was in
Hamburg following the 1970 elections, where the SPD alone held a 10-seat majority but still chose to go into coalition with the FDP. Alternatively, an übergroß coalition may be created to avoid problems stemming from an undisciplined parliamentary groups, where too narrow a majority carries a strong risk of failure. For example, following the
2021 Saxony-Anhalt state election, a
grand coalition would have held a one-seat majority but Minister President
Reiner Haseloff (CDU) also chose to include the FDP and form a . When the
Landtag of Saxony-Anhalt met to elect a minister president, he unexpectedly failed to get elected on the first ballot, falling just one vote short, which was attributed to right-wing dissent within his party. He was elected on the second ballot. ==Possible governing combinations==