He was born at
Sonnino near
Terracina and was educated for the priesthood, but after taking
minor orders, he gave up the idea of becoming a priest and chose an administrative career. Created secular prelate, he was sent as
apostolic delegate to
Viterbo in 1836, where he early manifested his reactionary tendencies in an attempt to stamp out
Liberalism. In 1839 he was transferred to
Macerata. In 1840 he was ordained a deacon. Recalled to Rome in 1841 by
Pope Gregory XVI, he entered the offices of the
Secretariat of State, but four years later was appointed pontifical treasurer-general. Created
cardinal on 11 June 1847, one of the last
cardinal deacons in deacon's orders, he was chosen by
Pius IX to preside over the council of state entrusted with the drafting of a constitution for the
Papal States. On 10 March 1848, Antonelli became premier of the first constitutional ministry of Pius IX. Upon the collapse of his cabinet when liberals resigned in protest against the papal public refusal to participate in a war of national liberation, 29 April 1848, Antonelli created for himself the governorship of the sacred palaces in order to retain constant access to and influence over the pope. After the assassination of
Pellegrino Rossi (15 November 1848), he arranged the flight of Pius IX to
Gaeta on 23 November. That year, the
Papal States were overthrown by liberals and replaced by a
Roman Republic, only to be restored to the pope in 1849 by force of French and Austrian arms, called in at Antonelli's request. Notwithstanding promises to the powers upon returning to Rome, on 12 April 1850 Antonelli restored absolute government and disregarded the conditions of the surrender by ordering the wholesale imprisonment of liberals. In 1855, he narrowly escaped assassination. As an ally of
Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies from whom he had received an annual subsidy, he attempted after 1860 to facilitate Ferdinand's restoration by fomenting brigandage on the Neapolitan frontier. To the overtures of
Bettino Ricasoli in 1861, Pius IX, at Antonelli's suggestion, replied with the famous "Non possumus" but in 1862 accepted too late Ricasoli's proposal concerning ecclesiastical property. After the
September Convention of 1864, Antonelli organized the
Legion of Antibes to replace French troops in Rome and in 1867 secured French aid against
Giuseppe Garibaldi's invasion of papal territory. Upon the reoccupation of Rome by the French after the
Battle of Mentana on 3 November 1867, Antonelli again ruled supreme, but after the entry of the Italians in 1870, he was obliged to restrict his activity to the management of foreign relations. With the Pope's approval, he wrote the letter requesting the Italians to occupy the
Leonine City in which the Italian government had intended to allow the pope to keep his
temporal power and obtained from the Italians payment of the
Peter's pence (5,000,000 lire) remaining in the papal exchequer, as well as 50,000 scudi, the only instalment of the Italian allowance (subsequently fixed by the
Law of Guarantees, 21 March 1871) that was ever accepted by the Holy See. By the nature of the post that he occupied from 1850 to his death, Antonelli had little to do with questions of
dogma and Church discipline although he signed the circulars addressed to the Powers transmitting the
Syllabus of Errors (1864) and the acts of the
First Vatican Council (1870). His activity was devoted almost exclusively to the struggle between the papacy and the Italian
Risorgimento. He died on 6 November 1876. Antonelli bequeathed his personal fortune of about 623,341 gold francs (derived chiefly from his family patrimony) to his four living brothers and two nephews, though pointedly excluding a nephew who had become an anticlerical Italian nationalist, and bequeathed his collection of precious gems to the Vatican museum and the crucifix that he kept on his desk to Pope Pius IX as a personal memento. Although it did not prevent Pope
Pius IX's
beatification, some observers believe that Antonelli's notoriety might be enough to prevent his
canonization. Antonelli was one of the last
deacons to be created a
cardinal before
Pope Benedict XV decreed in 1917 that all cardinals must have been ordained priests. No cardinal eligible to participate in a papal conclave has gone as long as Antonelli—29 years—without doing so.
Roger Etchegaray overtook Antonelli on 26 November 2008 in years of service as a cardinal and ultimately served for 40 years without participating in a conclave, but he was only eligible to do so for about 23 years because of the age limit of 80 years old imposed by
Pope Paul VI in 1971. In both Antonelli's and Etchegaray's cases, their nonparticipation in conclaves was not by choice since there was no conclave either of them could attend freely and legally. No conclave was held during Antonelli's cardinalate, and Etchegaray was excluded by his age from participating in the conclaves of
2005 and
2013. == Honours ==