Giuliano Ferrara

Born in Rome on 7 January 1952, the son of Maurizio Ferrara (1921–2000) and Marcella De Francesco (1920–2002), Ferrara comes from a Jewish family on the father's side; both his parents were anti-fascist and communists. in November 1970, in his own words "when Charles de Gaulle died' is the memory of the teenager who knows everything about Dylan by heart and loves the strong politicians", he assisted Luca Ronconi in directing Orlando Furioso. Ferrara joined the Faculty of Philosophy at the University of Turin, where he had engaged in polemics with Lucio Colletti, in the words of Ferrara "still a bit of a Trotskyist and supporter of Soviet democracy". Ferrara supported Togliatti's "Italian Road to Socialism". Despite this, the two became friends, and Ferrara described Colletti as "soon courageously convert[ing] to the theory of the crisis of Marxism and become a former communist [turned] liberal anti-communist, a little crazy, like his student, but tough." He remained in Turin until September 1982, with his philosophy exams stuck at eleven out of twenty. == Career ==

Journalism and Italian Communist Party (1973–1982) During the 1970s, Ferrara joined the PCI and first started working as an activist militant with Giancarlo Pajetta, who then sent him to Turin, where he arrived on 5 November 1973, to "go to the working class school and escape the dangers of the Roman Curia". when he also started writing for Nuova Società. On 8 June 1980, Ferrara was elected municipal councilor in Turin, becoming the CPI group leader in December 1980. With the start of the 1982 Lebanon War, Ferrara was appointed by Novelli as the mayor's delegate for relief to the population of Beirut. On 18 September 1982 in Piazza San Carlo in Turin, the municipality organized the musical event Mille musicisti per la pace (A Thousand Musicians for Peace) with Luciano Berio performing "Accordo". For the occasion, Ferrara, ten minutes before the start, asked both Berio and the then culture councilor Giorgio Balmas that the concert be dedicated to the victims of the Sabra and Shatila massacre but was refused. At the end of the concert, he made the episode public and a public controversy arose; Balmas and Berio defended themselves, stating that it was not appropriate to open with a mini-rally, while Ferrara first relaunched his request on the evening of 19 September 1982, this time at the opening of the reply and supported by the Teatro Stabile director Mario Missiroli. When faced with the new refusal, he left the PCI on 20 September 1982 while remaining a councilor. After the meeting of the Turinese PCI board of directors on 22 September 1982, Ferrara also resigned as a councilor. For the PCI, Ferrara's request was legitimate but his behavior in the matter was not, which is why his resignation was accepted. Ferrara formally remained a Turin city councilor until 25 October 1982, despite the fact that the city council had unanimously rejected his resignation on 4 October 1982. ''L'Espresso, Corriere della Sera'', and Italian Socialist Party (1982–1987) After his exit from the PCI, Ferrara began to collaborate with the weekly ''L'Espresso, where he criticized the PCI from the point of view of migliorismo'', being known for his closeness to Giorgio Napolitano and his political positions. In 1985, he was approached by the PSI through Claudio Martelli, intending to absorb all the Turinese Amenodolians who had left the PCI. Ferrara denied the rumors that he was joining the PSI but at the same time was keen to reiterate that he considered "the basic choices of Craxi and the socialists as the most right for the country and for the left". A press conference had already been scheduled for 28 February 1985; it would have announced Ferrara's entry into the PSI and his candidacy in the 1985 Turin municipal election. At the last moment, he preferred to avoid the electoral commitment. Ferrara later stated several times that he had abandoned the communist ideology "in unsuspecting times", that is, before the fall of the Berlin Wall. Journalist Marco Travaglio argued that this and his other political positions were instead dictated by convenience, as Bettino Craxi was the prime minister of Italy at that time; he said that they were determined from time to time by following where the "power and money" are and that Ferrara had sided "with the thieves ... in fact the thieves earned much more than the judges". During the 1980s, Ferrara began working for Corriere della Sera, signing articles with the pseudonym Piero Dall'Ora and creating the column "Bretelle Rosse". At the same time, he joined the editorial staff of Reporter, a socialist investigative newspaper directed by Adriano Sofri and Enrico Deaglio, two former leaders of Lotta Continua. In 2003, the same year he also wrote his autobiography on Il Foglio, The disciplinary action brought against him by the Italian Order of Journalists to determine the compatibility between the profession and collaboration with a secret service was not followed up, both due to the expiry of the five-year period "beyond which, according to the law professional no. 69/1963, the statute of limitations applies for an act susceptible to disciplinary sanction", and because at the time of the events he was not a professional journalist. Television debut and member of the European Parliament (1987–1994) On 10 November 1987, Ferrara made his television debut on Rai 3 with Linea rovente. He followed on 13 April 1988 on Rai 2 with Il testimone, which saw the implementation of infotainment in Italy. Starting on 13 February 1989, with a contract that guaranteed him a high salary, Ferrara moved to Fininvest, Berlusconi's holding company, to present Radio Londra on Canale 5. On 12 April 1989, he also hosted on Canale 5 the programme Il gatto. Two months later in the 1989 European Parliament election in Italy, he was elected a member of the European Parliament for the PSI. On 7 January 1991, Ferrara returned to Canale 5 with Radio Londra. On 21 January 1991, he made his debut on Italia 1 with ''L'instruttoria'', in which Ferrara expressed his critical positions towards the judiciary's investigations into the Tangentopoli case. Since 10 February 1992, after a preview on 20 January, he hosted ''Lezioni d'amore'' on Italia 1 with his wife Anselma Dell'Olio; it focused on sex and was inspired by the film Love Meetings by Pier Paolo Pasolini. The programme became a political case and after ten days was canceled by Berlusconi under pressure from Christian Democracy (DC) politicians. Minister in the first Berlusconi government and Il Foglio (1994–1997) With the rise of Berlusconi and Forza Italia, Ferrara decided to leave, together with several others party members, a PSI that was in disintegration. He became Minister for Relations with Parliament in the first Berlusconi government. On 30 January 1996, Ferrara founded his own newspaper, which he named Il Foglio, and was its editor-in-chief. It was published by the editorial cooperative of the same name, of which Veronica Lario, Berlusconi's second wife, was a member. Joking on the fact that the ownership of the newspaper was always attributed to Berlusconi's then wife, Ferrara once sarcastically defined himself as a Berlusconist of the "Veronica tendency" to go against "this foolish evil used to degrade Il Foglio", where he took neoconservative positions. Ferrara was a supporter of the centre-right coalition, and then of the second and third Berlusconi governments, although sometimes in a critical manner. In Il Foglio, he fought on several occasions for the granting of a pardon to Sofri, who was convicted among others for the murder of the police officer Luigi Calabresi, and of whom he considers a friend due to his conviction that he is innocent; in addition to writing for La Repubblica after having served his sentence, Sofri also wrote for Il Foglio. From 28 November 1996 to 25 September 1997, without leaving the editorship of Il Foglio, Ferrara was the editor-in-chief of Panorama. was marked by strong tensions with the editorial staff, including the likes of Enzo Biagi and Indro Montanelli, who distrusted him immediately after taking office, and ended with the resignation of Ferrara, who decided to dedicate himself only to the direction of Il Foglio. He was the Forza Italia and House of Freedoms (as was then known the centre-right coalition) candidate in the by-election for the vacant senatorial seat of the Mugello constituency in Tuscany; on 9 November 1997, he was defeated by the former Mani pulite judge and Tangentopoli symbol Antonio Di Pietro, who was the centre-left coalition candidate through The Olive Tree. Return to television and Otto e mezzo (1997–2006) Ferrara returned to television on 11 December 1997 at 8.50 pm on Rai 2, where he presented Piazza Fontana – Storia di una cospirazione on the occasion of the 28th anniversary of the Piazza Fontana bombing. In addition to Ferrara as host, it was interspersed with images of an investigative documentary on the well-known facts by Fabrizio Calvi and Fredric Laurent, with interviews with some of the protagonists of the story. With the September 11 attacks, his political and ideal positions took an anti-secularist and socially conservative turn; despite being avowedly non-Catholic, he began to support the need to strengthen Judeo-Christian values as the West's bulwark in the face of danger growing Islamic extremism. He was defined by Eugenio Scalfari as a "devoted atheist". In addition to directing Il Foglio, Ferrara hosted Otto e mezzo on La7 and subsequently Zerovero on Telecampione, of which he was also the author, with a brief interlude in 2008, when his candidacy in the Italian general election made him incompatible with the role of host. He was supported in hosting the programme first by Gad Larner, then by Luca Sofri, followed by Corriere della Sera journalist Barbara Palombelli, and by Liberazione journalist Ritanna Armeni. In 2005, he was again joined by Lerner, who left after a few episodes to dedicate himself to his programme ''L'infedele, who was replaced again by Armeni. That same year, he also published a collection of essays entitled Non dubitare. Contro la religione laicista. In 2003, Antonio Tabucchi wrote a critical article about Ferrara for the French newspaper Le Monde. Before being published, the article was sent to Ferrara himself by an editor of Le Monde who was a friend of his. Ferrara published it in Il Foglio, of which he was editor, on the same day (9 October 2003) in which it would have appeared in the French newspaper, which came on newsstands in the evening; Ferrara said that he was happy to have reached the goal of getting that article before Le Monde newspaper, and introduced it with the words "Applaud me, I managed to steal an article from Le Monde''". This brought a legal case in France after Tabucchi sued Ferrara for unauthorized publication and violation of copyright. Ferrara was convicted at first instance and on appeal for unauthorized publishing and copyright infringement. In September 2008, France's Court of Cassation annulled the two sentences due to lack of jurisdiction over events that took place in Italy. Alessandro Giuli recalled that in 2004, the year he was employed at Ferrara's newspaper, he was called by Ferrara for a three-sentence interview. Ferrara had asked him whether he was a supporter of Berlusconi. When Giuli said that he was not, Ferrara was quoted as saying: "Who cares, we are the Berlusconi newspaper with fewer Berlusconians in it." In the 2006 Italian presidential election held in May, Ferrara was the flagship candidate of Christian Democracy for Autonomies and the New Italian Socialist Party; he obtained 8 votes in the first ballot, 9 votes in the second, 10 votes in the third, and 7 votes in the fourth and final ballot that elected Napolitano. On the election of the new president of Italy, alongside Vittorio Feltri with Libero, Ferrara and Il Foglio had sided with the election D'Alema, the former PCI member, who personally thanked him. On 7 July 2006, Ferrara was sentenced at the first instance trial for defamation against the journalists of ''l'Unità and to compensation of €135,000. During a programme of Porta a Porta in 2003, in a discussion on justice, he had said: "No, no, [l'Unità''] is not a free newspaper. I believe that the only way to define it is a paper that tends to be murderous!" Abortion moratorium campaign (2007–2008) for the 2008 Italian general election Following the United Nations General Assembly's approval of a non-binding resolution for a moratorium on the death penalty in December 2007, Ferrara proposed a universal moratorium on abortion, which he called "the supreme scandal of our age". Among the causes of abortion, Ferrara cited the loneliness of women, the lack of economic support for pregnant women, and the responsibility of men who in his view are guilty of not supporting women who become pregnant. He also revealed that three of his partners had an abortion. Regarding these abortions, he declared: "I have been a scoundrel and a sinner three times. Three children were not born because their mothers refused motherhood and I looked the other way. This is unworthy." Il Foglio hosted numerous interventions by private citizens, public figures, and civil society associations for and against abortion. On 2 February 2008, Ferrara announced to the public at the Teatro Manzoni in Monza that he had sent a letter to the United Nations, which was then published in Il Foglio on 18 February 2008. It called for a moratorium on abortion. Anti-abortion electoral list and resignation as editor of Il Foglio (2008–2015) On 12 February 2008, Ferrara announced the foundation of a political party named Association for the Defense of Life. Abortion? No Thanks, which he defined as "purposeful" to bring the debate on life in Italian Parliament and left his role as host of Otto e mezzo. After the failed attempt to join forces with The People of Freedom (PdL), Berlusconi's new political party list, Ferrara's anti-abortion list announced its run for the April 2008 Italian general election. During the electoral campaign, Ferrara was contested in his rallies in Bologna, Pesaro, Milan, and Palermo. Ferrara's electoral list was presented only to the Chamber of Deputies; despite earlier stating that his party could attract 7% of the votes, From 2011 to 2012, Ferrara hosted Qui Radio Londra on Rai 1, a 5–7 minute programme that aired after the TG1 at 8 pm. On 27 January 2015, Ferrara left the management of Il Foglio, Despite its liberista positions, Il Foglio continues to receive public funds because it is a co-operative, which is still chaired by Ferrara. It benefits from a loophole also used by Italia Oggi and Libero since those newspapers have private publishers (for example Valter Mainetti, who is the owner of Il Foglio) just like the dailies that do not have access to the public funds. == Political positions ==

Evolution of politics and religious views Ferrara came from a family of communists; his father was a senator for the PCI, and the two would remain close, even though his father did not share his rightward shift in the 1980s and 1990s. As the son of a PCI senator, Ferrara accompanied his father to Moscow in 1954, when he was 2, for the reportage on the death of Joseph Stalin that his father to wrote for ''l'Unità''. At 17, he took part in the protest demonstration against the police who had guarded the Faculty of Architecture of the Sapienza University of Rome, which sparked the Battle of Valle Giulia, one of the first demonstrations of the Italian 1968 movement. Ferrara was active in the PCI during his twenties. In the early 1970s, at the age of 21, he was sent by the PCI to Turin, where he was entrusted with the role of party factory manager in Turin. In 1982, he broke with the party, rejected communism in controversy with the leadership of the PCI, and became vocal as an ex-PCI member within the PSI and dedicated himself to journalism; in this capacity, he supported the PSI and in particular Craxi as its secretary. Influenced by the political philosopher Leo Strauss, Ferrara initially gravitated toward socialism but later moved toward social conservatism. As a member of the PSI, he endorsed Franco Carraro as mayor of Rome. As a member of Forza Italia, he joined the first Berlusconi government in 1994, Ferrara took a position on the subject of abortion as early as 1989, when he wrote on Corriere della Sera to criticize what he perceived as a decline in male responsibility following the introduction of the first abortion pills, and in 2008 created an anti-abortion electoral list. Since the 1990s, while remaining a non-believer, he took a position closer to that of the Catholic Church on issues like the support of the traditional family and the defense of the rights of the conceived child; he also sided with the Catholic Church regarding the defence of the Judeo-Christian roots of Europe to contrast Islamic fundamentalism, and favoured abstention in the 2005 referendum on medically-assisted procreation. In the 2008 Italian general election, Ferrara ran on a platform favouring a moratorium on abortion as part of the Italian theoconservative or neo-theoconservative political current, of which he was one of the most prominent leaders, being the author in 2014 of Teoconservatorismo e ateoconservatorismo a confronto. In 2008, Ferrara acknowledged that three of his partners in his early 20s had abortions. In his July 2017 review on Il Foglio of the latest volume by the Chieti-Vasto bishop Bruno Forte, Ferrara praised a possible agreement between Catholics and Protestants. The position taken by Ferrara in defence of the traditional values of Christianity is one of necessary element of social cohesion for the liberal and democratic Western civilization. Ferrara is counted among the "devout atheists", a term coined by Beniamino Andreatta to indicate atheists who are close to the positions of the Catholic Church. He declared that he is not Catholic but that he is philosophically theistic and therefore believes in a personal god. Within the Catholic world, Ferrara is criticized as an atheist and for his support of Berlusconi. Foreign policy In Italy, Ferrara is often associated with neoconservatism, in particular its American movement. In October 2022, Ferrara wrote "The American Neoconservatives Were Right", referring to the neoconservatives who had founded in 1997 the Project for the New American Century. Ferrara supported all military interventions and regime changes by the United States since the 1990s, Since 2001, he stated that the Western world is missing its Winston Churchill. He saw the 11 September attacks as "the predicted and feared Pearl Harbor". At the beginning of 2003, in an editorial in Il Foglio, he supported the military initiatives of the United States against Iraq undertaken by the then United States president George W. Bush, which culminated in the 2003 invasion of Iraq despite the contrary opinion of the then United Nations secretary Kofi Annan and the opposition of other members of the United Nations Security Council, and criticized former British prime minister Tony Blair when in 2015 he apologized for it. The cultural debate on Il Foglio that followed often aimed at making Italian public opinion aware of the positions of the American neoconservatives, and continued into the 2020s. He is a supporter of Israel against Hamas, arguing that self-defense has become unpopular because it involves the eradication of the enemy not virtual but carnal, suggesting that Israel has no choice to defend its right to exist, and that it must free Gaza from Hamas, even with bombs if necessary. He also criticized comparisons between Israel and Hamas, while condemning some of the actions in the Israeli settlements ("If [even] President Herzog calls the violent hunting of Palestinian families a pogrom..."), and criticized "the growth symmetrical to the antisemitic nihilism of a Jewish terrorism, nourished by nationalist fanaticism and the biblical spirit of Greater Israel". As with his general politics, evolving from communism to socialism to social conservatism, economic liberalism, and neoconservatism, Ferrara's views in regards to the Israeli–Palestine conflict also evolved. Among others, within the context of a polemic involving Ferrara criticizing a vignette of Il Fatto Quotidiano as antisemitic, Travaglio pointed to Ferrara's earlier Palestinian support, which included his wish to dedicate a 1982 concert to the victims of the Sabra and Shatila massacre. Constitutional reforms, Trumpism, and other views Ferrara was a supporter of the Nazareno Pact (2014–2015), an alliance for constitutional reforms between the Democratic Party then led by Matteo Renzi and the new Forza Italia of Berlusconi. He said that Renzi and Berlusconi resembled Craxi "because they are unscrupulous and have vision". In September 2016, Il Foglio published an interview by Alessandro Giuli, with whom Ferrara had a conversation about Berlusconi to celebrate the latter's 80th birthday. Ferrara stated: "Il Foglio, which was a rare and atypical herald of Berlusconi right from the corporate level, initially called him Cav. [an abbreviation of Cavaliere, meaning the Knight in Italian, Berlusconi's nickname] and ultimately would stop loving him. In its own way." About the possible birth of an Italian right-wing based on Anglo-Catholic Toryism, Ferrara cited a 2000 essay by Roger Scruton about T. S. Eliot that he summarized as saying that "traditionalism, nostalgia, the traditionalist cultivation of religion as an ideological fetish, are the opposite of true conservatism. They are more similar, if anything, to the vein of romantic sentimentalism, of generic humanism, which Eliot fought in the name of realism, of restitution in poetry, and in the criticism of the world as it is, without emotional fear of the encounter with ordinary experience, without banal fantasies and dreams." He described as new conservatism (neo conservatorismo) the global mainstream right and far-right movements and parties that form alliances based on support for Atlanticism and economic liberalism. In the 2020s, Ferrara expressed scepticism about climate change and dismissed eco-anxiety. Despite seeing it as being born through an anti-casta demagogy, having been approved under the Government of Change of prime minister Giuseppe Conte, the Five Star Movement leader Luigi Di Maio, and the League leader Matteo Salvini, Ferrara expressed his support in favour of the 2020 Italian constitutional referendum that reduced the size of the Italian Parliament. About football and politics, Ferrara argued that "ethical football is a lie". In April 2021, about the European Super League, which he said "crystallizes with an oligopoly of the show part of the eternal competition between rich and poor, and this can be displeasing", and the ensuing criticism and protest, Ferrara wrote: "We can invoke the demo-romantic feeling of football as a common good, although even this common goodism of the ball, which is Maradona-thought, clashes with reality, and with the glittering and super-billionaire star system. But ethics cannot be bothered, as UEFA and FIFA and governments of all kinds and practically all consensual gold diggers do. In fact, ethics is the most invoked and least revered young lady there is. In many fields, including football fields." In April 2024, Ferrara sided with John Elkann and the publisher against the journalists at la Repubblica. He commented: "We [at Il Foglio] limited ourselves to saying with humour and a hint of malice that the editorial board of Repubblica should think twice when it goes on strike for signatures, you would incongruously say about anonymity, because an editor, immediately disheartened, decides not publish services in open conflict with the interests of the publisher, who makes a lot of money with industry and finance, and loses a lot of it with Italian publishing, i.e. with Repubblica." Ferrara further told critics of "the pompous Scalfarian libido of the pure publisher, against all the other impure ones" that "notoriously ended with the sale of Repubblica to the financier Carlo De Benedetti in order to ensure a dowry for the Founder's daughters", and that as Elkann (heir of the Agnelli family) bought the newspaper, la Repubblica changed significantly, so much so that it is "nevertheless always the same as the years go by. Pure or impure, it has a publisher." == Satire ==

During his career, Ferrara was often targeted by Italian satire for his positions on foreign policy and judicial matters, starting from the weekly magazine Cuore, up to the shows of Roberto Benigni, Daniele Luttazzi, and Sabina Guzzanti. In all satirical representations, he is mocked for having changed political affiliation, suggesting a logic of interests as the main motivation for his change of sides. The 1984 song "La strana famiglia" by Gian Piero Alloisio, recorded as a duo by Enzo Jannacci and Giorgio Gaber, explicitily referred to his frequent political affiliations changes ("And then who is there, ah yes Tamara, a slut from Viale Zara, who gave lessons to Giuliano Ferrara"). In his 1996 tour, Benigni took aim at his large size. During the 2002 Sanremo Music Festival, on the final evening of which a sketch by Benigni was scheduled, Ferrara once again argued against Benigni, asserting that if he had gone on stage, he would have been in the front row "throwing rotten eggs" at him. In the end, Ferrara simply threw eggs at the television screen in his living room, in front of a camera that filmed him while he attended the Benigni's performance. When Benigni realized that Ferrara was not in the room, he ironically hypothesized that he had left for Sanremo but that he had returned after eating eggs on the street. On 8 December 2007, Ferrara was mentioned in a monologue by Luttazzi during the programme Decameron that was broadcast on La7; the episode caused the suspension of the programme. Luttazzi had said that to bear the vision of the atrocities of the Iraq War, a conflict that was supported by Ferrara as a response to Islamic terrorism, While reiterating his support for the right to satire, Ferrara defended the suspension of the programme. == Personal life ==

In 1987, Ferarra married the American writer Anselma Dell'Olio, who also fought for women's rights in the feminist movements during the 1960s and 1970s. He was one of the strongest supporters of Pope Benedict XVI. Although described by his critics as an atheist, he considers himself a theist. Ferrara, who is tall, is well known for his size, earning him "The Elephant" and "The Little Elephant" nicknames (''l'Elefante and l'Elefantino); By the 1980s, he weighed . which required his hospitalization under critical but stable conditions. Politicians across the political spectrum wished him well and to make a recovery. As reported by Corriere della Sera'', he felt ill on the evening of 27 January 2022 while he was at his home in Scansano where he retired to live for some time and manages a farm. Ferrara was discharged from hospital on 1 February 2022. == Works ==

• Non ho tempo, a film directed by Ansano Giannarelli (1972) • Azzurri, a film directed by Eugenio Masciari (1985) • Bella ciao, a documentary directed by Roberto Torelli (2002) • S.B. – Io lo conoscevo bene, a documentary by Giacomo Durzi e Giovanni Fasanella (2012) == Notes ==