Gordon Hawkins (criminologist)

Gordon Hawkins was born in 1919 in London, England. Before his academic career, he served in World War II as a soldier. During World War II, Gordon served as a captain for 7 years between 1939-1946 under the British command. He was stationed with the Indian Army in charge of the Gurkhas people from Southern Asia. After the war ended, Gordon returned home to Britain to continue his educational pursues. Gordon Hawkins attended University of Wales and earned a degree in philosophy. He then went on to pursue his doctorate degree in philosophy at Oxford University. His thesis topic surrounded the debate of free will-determinism which is the study if behavior is pre-determined by prior actions or if humans control their behaviors. However, his doctorate degree was cut short due to financial restraints caused by the postwar economic rebuild. == Family ==

He married his wife, Stephanie, while attending Oxford University. They lived in a farmhouse where they had their daughters. When they moved to Australia in 1961, they lived on the beach in Manly. Hawkins enjoyed swimming at his home as well as visited America several times during the winter time in Australia. He wrote many books in America having time away from lecturing. == Career ==

Following his service in the war, Gordon joined the British Prison Service where he worked there for 10 years as an assistant governor. These ideals were involved with social reforms such as liberalism and tolerance; however, they were not introduced into legislation and policy until the 1990s. Later, Hawkins released Imprisonment in America: Choosing the future (1981), co-authored with Michael Sherman. They continued building on the focus from The Prison: Policy and Practice, concentrating on how prison systems work and what penal institutions should be like in the future. Apart from his involvement in television, Gordon would write his opinions and observations from current events in a newspaper column throughout the 1960's and 1970's. == Death ==

Gordon Hawkins died on 29 February 2004 due to a heart condition. He passed away in Manly Hospital in Sydney, Australia. == Books ==

• Hawkins, G. (1976). The Prison: Policy and Practice. University of Chicago Press. • Zimring, F. E., & Hawkins, G. (1973). Deterrence: The legal threat in crime control. University of Chicago Press. • Zimring, F. E., & Hawkins, G. (1987a). Capital punishment and the American agenda. University of Chicago Press. • Zimring, F. E., & Hawkins, G. (1987b). Pornography in a free society. Cambridge University Press. • Zimring, F. E., & Hawkins, G. (1991). The scale of imprisonment. University of Chicago Press. • Zimring, F. E., & Hawkins, G. (1992a). The search for rational drug control. Cambridge University Press. • Zimring, F. E., & Hawkins, G. (1992b). Prison population and criminal justice policy in California. Institute of Governmental Studies Press, University of California. • Zimring, F. E., & Hawkins, G. (1995). Incapacitation: Penal confinement and the restraint of crime. Oxford University Press. • Zimring, F. E., & Hawkins, G. (1997). Crime is not the problem: Lethal violence in America. Oxford University Press. • Zimring, F. E., Hawkins, G., & Kamin, S. (2001). ''Punishment and democracy: Three strikes and you're out in California''. Oxford University Press. ==References==