Gottlieb Konrad Pfeffel was born in
Colmar. His father, Johann Konrad Pfeffel (1682–1738), was the mayor of Colmar and a legal consultant of the French king, but died when Gottlieb was only two years old. His mother was Anna Katharina Pfeffel, nee Herr (1694–1773), daughter of patrician of Colmar Johann Georg Herr. His father was the son of a pastor Johann Konrad Pfeffel (1636–1701). He was raised by his brother (1726–1807), who was ten years older. He went in 1751 to the
University of Halle to study law, with the intention of becoming a diplomat. There, he was a student of the philosopher
Christian Wolff. In 1752, Pfeffel translated
Johann Joachim Spalding's
Gedanken über den Werth der Gefühle in dem Christenthum into French. In 1754, he went to Dresden for treatment of an eye problem; there, he met the poet
Christian Fürchtegott Gellert. His eye condition deteriorated, and in 1758, after an operation, he became completely blind and had to abandon his studies. In February 1759, Pfeffel married Margaretha Cleophe Divoux (1738–1809), a merchant's daughter from
Strasbourg. They had thirteen children together, of whom seven died before adulthood. His son Gottlieb Conrad August Pfeffel (b. 1759), who studied law in Göttingen, was admitted to the Golden Circle Lodge there in 1781. The other son was (1775–1858) who subsequently became Banker and member of Parliament. He started to establish himself as a writer and translator. In 1762, he translated
Magnus Gottfried Lichtwer's
Fabeln into French. He also worked on a translation into German of
Claude Fleury's
Histoire ecclésiastique. Pfeffel opened a
military academy for aristocratic Protestants in 1773, since these boys were not allowed at the military academy of Paris. He joined the
Helvetic Society in 1776, and in 1782 became a citizen of the city of
Biel (Bienne) in Switzerland, and became an honorary member of the city council in 1783. The
Prussian Academy of Arts made him an honorary member in 1788. Franz Schubert made a
lied of his text
Der Vatermörder (
D10), and
Leopold Kozeluch put music to his
cantata for the blind Austrian singer
Maria Theresia von Paradis. In 1773, Pfeffel's
Philemon und Baucis: Ein Schauspiel in Versen von einem Aufzuge, a play in verse in one act, was turned into a
singspiel for a
marionette theater by
Joseph Haydn with the new title
Philemon und Baucis oder Jupiters Reise auf die Erde (''Philemon and Baucis or Jupiter's Travels to the Earth''). It was changed into a regular opera in 1776. Pfeffel was a friend or acquaintance of many well-known persons of his period, including
Voltaire,
Vittorio Alfieri and the Swiss poet
Johann Kaspar Lavater, with whom he corresponded for many years. In 1839, his grandniece
Ernestine von Pfeffel (1810–1894) married
Fyodor Tyutchev, one of the most famous Russian poets. A statue of Pfeffel by
André Friedrich was placed in the
Unterlinden Museum in 1859, and a copy of that statue was placed on the Grand Rue in Colmar in 1927. ==Bibliography==