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Granby Four Streets

The Granby Four Streets is an area in Toxteth, Liverpool, England, comprising four streets at the tip of a triangle near the Grade II* listed Princes Park. The streets, designed by Welsh architect Richard Owens and built by Welsh workers during the late 19th century are Beaconsfield Street, Cairns Street, Jermyn Street and Ducie Street. A fifth street, Granby Street, connects the four streets together and mostly contains commercial units.

Geography
The Granby Four Streets comprise Beaconsfield Street, Cairns Street, Jermyn Street and Ducie Street and are linked via Granby Street. They are situated close to Liverpool City Centre and to the immediate north of the Princes Park, which is less than 15 minutes walking distance to Liverpool Cathedral, clearly visible throughout the area. Granby Street was constructed as the central commercial high street, with additional living accommodation provided in flats above shops, while retail premises line the street. ==Architecture and layout==
Architecture and layout
Built in the 1870s, each street features its own unique architectural design, while sizes vary from two-up two-down houses, to double-fronted homes with between 6 and 8 bedrooms. Beaconsfield Street houses have bay windows with two separate first floor windows, on Cairns Street first floor windows are singular, Jermyn Street houses have pointed door arches and dormer windows and in Ducie Street, houses were built double-fronted with dormer windows on the now demolished south side. Houses within the streets also differ between each other since refurbishment, such as in Cairns Street, where some homes have additional rear rooms or an open plan on the ground floor. The majority of properties in Ducie Street, built with a double-fronted facade, had mostly been converted to flats before becoming derelict in the early 2000s. ==History==
History
Early history By the 1830s, Welsh migrants were well established within Welsh firms in Liverpool. A map from 1846–1848, prior to the housing estate construction, shows an area clear of any significant dwellings, with a collection of roperies located immediately to the east of what would become the Granby Streets. The houses were constructed in the late 19th century by Welsh builders and designed by Welsh architect Richard Owens, a prolific architect of Liverpool's housing during the era. Post-war multiculturalism After World War II, Toxteth became a popular destination for Commonwealth immigration and the Granby Streets region became one of the country's earliest multicultural neighbourhoods. The Liverpool 8 postcode region and in particular Granby Street became Liverpool's post-war cosmopolitan centre during the 1950s, described at the time as a "buzzing place". During this time, Granby Street was home to around 100 retail outlets which included a wide diversity of shops from a mixture of ethnic races, including a butchers and a cinema while others sold spices and curry ingredients long before they were available in supermarkets. Many of these shops were still run by ethnic minorities into the 21st century. A former resident recalled life as a child growing up around the streets, describing the area during the 1950s–1960s: "Granby Street was a haven of joviality, music, liveliness, nice people. It was a cosmopolitan area of wonderfulness. There was a community there that was together. It was a meeting place. It seemed to be like the inner core of Liverpool 8: Granby Street." One particular ethnic group in the area were the Malays, who in 1963 purchased number 7 Jermyn Street as the new home for their social club, following a failure to complete construction of a new nearby mosque due to lack of funds. During the 1970s, the house became the central Malay place in the city, as recalled by a Malay child growing up in a white city, who felt out of place but that the house offered a sense of community. Substandard living conditions In the 1960s, Granby was designated as a "twilight area" and many residents who could afford to leave the area did so. Vacant properties were purchased by unscrupulous landlords keen to make quick rental profit. The living quality of many properties was sub–standard, which led to housing charity Shelter Neighbourhood Action Project (SNAP) becoming involved from 1969 until 1972, acquiring many of the poor quality properties and renovating them. The comedian Ken Dodd, born in Liverpool, opened flats in Ducie Street in April 1970. At the start of 1973, an estimated 17,000 people lived in the Granby Ward and called it home, despite many wanting to leave. A team of writers from the Liverpool Echo spent the weekend of 13–14 January in the Granby Ward to report on decaying houses, violence and vandalism in the area. The percentage of dwellings with shared occupation were 34 percent, compared with 3.3 percent nationally while over half the houses were without any hot water, compared with 12.5 percent nationally. Some residents, such as those living in Cawdor Street and Arundel Street, fought to make their homes worthwhile, with the streets described by the Liverpool Echo as "like an oasis in a decaying desert". Following publication of their findings, the Liverpool Echo received many complaints from readers, although noted it had also "received numerous communications" on their reporting of the area applauding their action in highlighting the problems. Charity renewal efforts Shelter received approval from local government to acquire 600 properties and secured a £100,000 grant () to invest over three years in the Granby area. The project was one of the earliest examples of a community-based approach to neighbourhood regeneration; after two years, around half of the properties had been successfully rehabilitated, although challenges with securing improvement grants and convincing absentee landlords to improve their properties remained. Throughout much of the 1970s, the area was relatively stable, and redeveloped into new housing by the end of the 1980s. Decline and dereliction Following the 1981 Toxteth riots, the area entered a period of economic decline, as shops went out of business and houses abandoned as housing associations withdrew from the area. Liverpool City Council's regeneration policy became one of demolition of the streets and to start over with a clean slate, a process which took place over decades until just four streets remained. In the mid-2000s, one resident returned home to find both neighbours had left; at its worst, a street of 68 households had only 8 occupied. The area became notorious for fly-tipping, including on routes that local schoolchildren would use to travel to and from school, ==Government regeneration==
Government regeneration
By the early 1990s, around 150 of the 200 houses in the Granby Street site were unoccupied. while a smaller number were purchased by the Housing Market Renewal Initiative. English Partnerships funded the council's acquisitions at a cost of £1,020,750 (£9,000 on average per property), although some were not acquired due to higher asking prices as a result of their superior condition. The council appointed Gleeson Group plc as the lead developer for the four streets. As late as 2010, remaining residents were pressured into selling their homes to the council for just £8,000. The sudden withdrawal of funding left many schemes half–finished and some neighbourhoods only partially demolished, while in others, such as the remaining four streets in the Granby Triangle area, demolition had not begun. Liverpool City Council subsequently acquired many of the houses and left them to fall into further disrepair, with the worst cases seeing frontages collapse. Liverpool City Council secured a developer in late 2010 to refurbish properties in the remaining streets, at a cost of £2 million jointly funded by the council and the Homes and Communities Agency. Renovation started on Beaconsfield Street in 2012, with the reconstruction of 32 properties involving refurbishment to the facades, new kitchen extensions to the rear and the conversion of attics into additional bedroom space. Further streets formed part of later phases subject to available funds. In November 2011, residents formed a new campaign group titled the Granby Four Streets CLT (Community Land Trust) with its own board of trustees. The trust is not a legal entity in itself, deciding against becoming a charity or a business due to restrictive regulations. Funding was secured from various sources, including a social investor from Jersey keen on funding community groups, as well as from the CLT network and the charitable trust Power to Change. As well as overseeing local artwork and the monthly market, the board also operates as a landlord for various rented properties under their ownership. ==Renewal schemes==
Renewal schemes
Community regeneration The council launched the "Homes for a Pound" scheme in 2013 in the Granby Four Streets area, which saw over 2,500 applicants apply. The proposal, referred to as the homesteading plan, came after a £25 million agreement with redeveloper LeaderOne collapsed, an arrangement that had planned to redevelop housing in Granby and nearby areas. As of May 2015, just 70 residents lived in an area of 200 homes. The residents' Community Land Trust purchased 13 properties on Cairns Street for £1 each as part of the council scheme and proceeded to invest hundreds of thousands of pounds to make them habitable. In September 2018, then–Leader of the Opposition Jeremy Corbyn hailed the community as a "blueprint for what the rest of the UK could look like under a Labour Government", praising the success of campaigners and residents in regenerating the streets. New construction Houses in Beaconsfield Street were regenerated in 2013, which also included the construction of four new houses as part of the renewal scheme. Developer West End Estates submitted an £8 million proposal in 2019 to renovate remaining houses on Ducie Street and construct 45 apartments on the street's vacant side, previously occupied by houses of similar style before demolition in 2009. The proposal, to include building new apartments behind the existing Victorian facades, was met with objections from 8 individuals and resident groups, who expressed concerns that the apartment would not support the aim of allowing families to establish themselves in the community. Residents also thought the proposed design was not in–keeping with existing architecture and were unhappy about the nature of a consultation which only happened following a request from residents. ==Recognition==
Recognition
The renewal project to renovate and bring back into use 25 empty properties in Beaconsfield Street won the "Your Move Property Regeneration 2013" award In October 2013, which included recognition for the "innovative design to preserve the character of the homes which were in a very fragile condition". The first new residents moved into the houses in late 2013. In December 2015, they were the £25,000 winners of the 2015 Turner Prize for their work in the Granby Four Streets region. The announcement was made live on television and the art works include various architectural features (such as fireplaces and stair balustrades). Upon being nominated for the prize, television crews visited the area to report on the work being undertaken. The win was significant as it was the first time a group or collective had ever won the art award, despite Assemble having previously not considered themselves as artists. The community land trust also reached the finals of the World Habitat Awards in 2017, out of 164 applicants. ==Present day==
Present day
As of 2020, the area was busy with construction and refurbishment work taking place in contrast to previous neglect and demolition. Rental of properties is competitively priced, at around half the amount tenants are expected to pay in nearby renovated Welsh Streets. Winter Garden In a collaboration between Assemble and the Community Land Trust with capital funding from the Arts Council, two neglected properties in Cairns Street were transformed into an indoor garden and community space, ==See also==
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