In Italy Libri was born on
New Year's Day, 1 January 1803 in Florence, Italy. He entered the
University of Pisa in 1816, starting to study law, but soon switching to mathematics. He graduated in 1820, his first works being praised by
Babbage,
Cauchy, and
Gauss. In 1823, at the age of 20, he was appointed Professor of Mathematical Physics at
Pisa, but did not relish teaching and the following year went on
sabbatical leave, travelling to Paris. There, he became friends with many of the most prominent French mathematicians of the day, including
Germain,
Laplace,
Poisson,
Ampère,
Fourier and
Arago. Upon his return to Italy, he became involved in politics, conspiring with the secret society of the
Carbonari to advocate a liberal constitution in the
Grand Duchy of Tuscany. Faced with arrest and prosecution, he fled to France.
In France In 1833, he became a French citizen. His friend Arago, the secretary of the
Académie des sciences helped him obtain a professorship at the Collège de France in 1833, succeeding the great mathematician
Legendre. And in 1834, he was elected as assistant professor of calculus of probabilities at the
Sorbonne. He was also elected to the Academy and given the
Légion d'honneur. Although his friendship with Arago helped him obtain some of these prestigious posts, eventually their relationship went sour and by 1835 they had become bitter enemies. Another prominent mathematician with a dim view of Libri was
Liouville; the two would attack each other at every opportunity in meetings of the Academy and Liouville expressed his poor opinion of Libri's personality and of his mathematical capacities in his correspondence. Between 1838 and 1841 Libri wrote and published a four-volume "History of the Mathematical Sciences in Italy from the Renaissance of literature to the 17th Century". His original research was partially based on some 1800 manuscripts and books by
Galileo,
Fermat,
Descartes,
Leibniz, and other luminaries which he claimed to have collected throughout his career; in fact, some of these, as it turned out, had been stolen in
Florence from the
Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana. In 1841, Libri obtained an appointment as Chief Inspector of French Libraries through his friendship with the influential French Chief of Police
François Guizot. This job, involving in part the cataloguing of valuable books and precious manuscripts allowed Libri to indulge his
collecting passion by stealing them. Although suspected, he was not investigated or charged. Abusing his privileges and pretending poor health (coughing, dressed in a big cape in all weathers), he managed to spend time alone in the archives of libraries across the country. There he 'borrowed' items which were never returned. In 1842, he stole the
Ashburnham Pentateuch at the Library of
Tours. Thanks to the blind confidence of the canon Hyacinthe Olivier-Vitalis, he seized at the Inguimbertine library of
Carpentras numerous documents such as the " Works of Théocrite and Hésiode " (Venice, Alde, 1495) or 72 of 75 letters of Descartes to Father Mersenne (between 1837 and 1847). He did not, occasionally, hesitate to mutilate certain manuscripts: five volumes of the Peiresc fund and at least two thousand leaves so disappeared. In 1848, as France was involved in a liberal revolution and the government fell, a warrant was issued for Libri's arrest.
In England However, he received a tip-off and fled to London, shipping 18 large trunks of books and manuscripts, about 30,000 items, before doing so. In London, he was assisted by
Antonio Panizzi, the Director of the
British Museum Library, and was able to convince many that his problems in France had arisen because he was an Italian, not because the allegations against him had any substance. On 22 June 1850, he was, however, found guilty of theft by a French Court and sentenced
in absentia to 10 years' imprisonment. His friend, the
archaeologist and writer
Prosper Mérimée (1803–1870), argued in his favour and was prosecuted for this. Mérimée, the author among other stories and plays of "Carmen", had been convinced of Libri's innocence when the Count had told him that the missing French books and manuscripts must have been forgeries since the ones he had were the originals. Although Libri had arrived in England with nothing but his books and manuscripts, he led a good life and acted the part of society lion. His money came from selling his books. Two large sales held in 1861 reputedly netted him over a million francs; this at a time when the average daily wage for a workman was about four francs.
Return to Italy, death and aftermath In 1868, when his health started to deteriorate, Libri returned to Florence and died in
Fiesole, Italy on 28 September 1869. ==Fate of the stolen manuscripts==