Hanna Neumann conjecture

The subject of the conjecture was originally motivated by a 1954 theorem of Howson{{cite journal :s − 1 ≤ 2mn − m − n. In a 1956 paper{{cite journal :s − 1 ≤ 2mn − 2m − n. In a 1957 addendum, Hanna Neumann further improved this bound to show that under the above assumptions :s − 1 ≤ 2(m − 1)(n − 1). She also conjectured that the factor of 2 in the above inequality is not necessary and that one always has :s − 1 ≤ (m − 1)(n − 1). This statement became known as the Hanna Neumann conjecture. ==Formal statement==

Let H, K ≤ F(X) be two nontrivial finitely generated subgroups of a free group F(X) and let L = H ∩ K be the intersection of H and K. The conjecture says that in this case :rank(L) − 1 ≤ (rank(H) − 1)(rank(K) − 1). Here for a group G the quantity rank(G) is the rank of G, that is, the smallest size of a generating set for G. Every subgroup of a free group is known to be free itself and the rank of a free group is equal to the size of any free basis of that free group. ==Strengthened Hanna Neumann conjecture==

If H, K ≤ G are two subgroups of a group G and if a, b ∈ G define the same double coset HaK = HbK then the subgroups H ∩ aKa−1 and H ∩ bKb−1 are conjugate in G and thus have the same rank. It is known that if H, K ≤ F(X) are finitely generated subgroups of a finitely generated free group F(X) then there exist at most finitely many double coset classes HaK in F(X) such that H ∩ aKa−1 ≠ {1}. Suppose that at least one such double coset exists and let a1,...,an be all the distinct representatives of such double cosets. The strengthened Hanna Neumann conjecture, formulated by her son Walter Neumann (1990),{{cite conference :\sum_{i=1}^n [{\rm rank}(H\cap a_iKa_{i}^{-1})-1] \le ({\rm rank}(H)-1)({\rm rank}(K)-1). The strengthened Hanna Neumann conjecture was proved in 2011 by Joel Friedman. Shortly after, another proof was given by Igor Mineyev. ==Partial results and other generalizations==

• In 1971 Burns improved established the strengthened Hanna Neumann Conjecture for the case where at least one of the subgroups H and K of F(X) has rank two. As most other approaches to the Hanna Neumann conjecture, Tardos used the technique of Stallings subgroup graphs for analyzing subgroups of free groups and their intersections. • Warren Dicks (1994) established the equivalence of the strengthened Hanna Neumann conjecture and a graph-theoretic statement that he called the amalgamated graph conjecture. • Arzhantseva (2000) proved obtained analogs and generalizations of Hanna Neumann's results for the intersection of subgroups H and K of a free product of several groups. • Wise (2005) claimed that the strengthened Hanna Neumann conjecture implies another long-standing group-theoretic conjecture which says that every one-relator group with torsion is coherent (that is, every finitely generated subgroup in such a group is finitely presented). ==See also==