P1* The modern populations with high frequencies of P1* (or P1xQ,R) are located in
Central Asia and
Eastern Siberia: • 35.4% among
Tuvan males; • 35% among
Nivkh and; • 28.3% among
Altai-Kizhi. In South Asia, P-M45 is most frequent among the Muslims of
Manipur (Pangal, 33%), but this may be due to a very small sample size (nine individuals). A levels of 14% P-M45* on the island of
Korčula in
Dalmatia (modern Croatia) and 6% on the neighbouring island of
Hvar, may be linked to immigration during the early medieval period, by Central Asian peoples such as the
Avars. It is possible that many cases of haplogroup P1 reported in Central Asia, South Asia and/or West Asia are members of rare or less-researched subclades of haplogroups R2 and Q, rather than P1*
per se. §
May include members of haplogroup R2. †
May include members of haplogroup R1*/R1a* Q Near universal in the
Kets (95%) of Siberia. Very common in pre-modern
Native American populations, except for the
Na-Dene peoples, where it reaches 50-90%. Also common, at 25-50%, in modern Siberian populations such as the
Nivkhs,
Selkups,
Tuvans,
Chukchi,
Siberian Eskimos, Northern
Altaians, and in 30% of
Turkmens.
R The only discovered case of basal R* (i.e. one that does not belong to R1 or R2) is the
Mal'ta Boy. Subclades of R1b, R1a and R2 are now dominant in various populations from Europe to South Asia. ==References==