Harlan F. Stone

Stone was born in Chesterfield, New Hampshire, on October 11, 1872, to Fred Lauson Stone and Ann Sophia (née Butler) Stone. When Stone was two years old, his family moved to Western Massachusetts where he grew up. from 1888 to 1890 From 1894 to 1895, he was the sub master of Newburyport High School in Massachusetts, from which he also taught physics and chemistry. From 1895 to 1896, he was an instructor in history at Adelphi Academy in Brooklyn. ==Legal career==

Stone attended Columbia Law School from 1895 to 1898, received an LL.B., and was admitted to the New York bar in 1898. Stone practiced law in New York City, initially as a member of the firm Wilmer and Canfield, which (near the time of William Nivison Wilmer's death in 1907) was renamed Satterlee, Canfield & Stone. Stone's partners there were Herbert Livingston Satterlee (who became Assistant Secretary of the Navy) and George Folger Canfield (an early professor at Columbia Law School). Later, Stone became a partner in what is now a white-shoe law firm, Sullivan & Cromwell. He taught at Columbia Law School as a lecturer (1899–1902) and professor (1902–1905), beginning at a modest salary of $2,000 that eventually increased to $3,000. He served as the school's dean from 1910 to 1923. Nevertheless, he recognized the courage required to persist as a conscientious objector: "The Army was not a bed of roses for the conscientious objector; and the normal man who was not supported in his stand by profound moral conviction might well have chosen active duty at the front as the easier lot." After the war At the end of the war, he criticized Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer for his attempts to deport aliens based on administrative action without allowing for any judicial review of their cases. During this time Stone also defended free speech claims for professors and socialists. Columbia soon became a center of a new school of jurisprudence, legal realism. In 1923, disgusted by his conflict with Butler and bored with "all the petty details of law school administration" that he dubbed "administrivia", Stone resigned the deanship and joined the prestigious Wall Street firm of Sullivan & Cromwell. He received a much higher salary and headed the firm's litigation department, which had a large corporation and estate practice (including J.P. Morgan Jr.'s interests). Attorney general On April 1, 1924, he was appointed United States Attorney General by his Amherst classmate President Calvin Coolidge, who felt Stone would be perceived by the public as beyond reproach to oversee investigations into various scandals arising under the Harding administration. which later became the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), and directed him to remodel the agency so it would resemble Britain's Scotland Yard and become far more efficient than any other police organization in the country. A pro‑active Attorney General, Stone argued many of his department's cases in the federal courts and launched an anti‑trust investigation of the Aluminum Company of America, controlled by the family of fellow cabinet member Andrew Mellon, Coolidge's Secretary of the Treasury. In the 1924 presidential election, Stone campaigned for Coolidge's re‑election. He especially opposed the left-wing Progressive Party's candidate, Robert M. La Follette, who had proposed that Congress be empowered to reenact any legislation that had been struck down by the Supreme Court. Stone found this idea threatening to the integrity of the judiciary as well as the separation of powers. ==U.S. Supreme Court==

Associate Justice during his Supreme Court confirmation process (January 28, 1925) Shortly after the election, Justice Joseph McKenna retired from the Supreme Court, and on January 5, 1925, Coolidge nominated Stone to replace McKenna as an associate justice. His nomination was greeted with general approval, although there were rumors that Stone might have been kicked upstairs because of his antitrust activities. Stone was confirmed by the Senate on February 5, 1925, by a vote of 71–6, , which upheld challenged provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938. Stone also authored the Court's opinion in United States v. Carolene Products Co., , which, in its famous "Footnote 4", may have provided a roadmap for tiered scrutiny in the post-Lochner v. New York era. Chief Justice Stone's support of the New Deal brought him Roosevelt's favor, and on June 12, 1941, President Roosevelt nominated Stone to become chief justice, He remained in this position for the rest of his life. . The Court's handling of this case has been the subject of scrutiny and controversy. Stone also wrote one of the major opinions in establishing the standard for state courts to have personal jurisdiction over litigants in International Shoe Co. v. Washington, . As chief justice, Stone described the Nuremberg court as "a fraud" on Germans, even though his colleague and successor as associate justice, Robert H. Jackson, served as the chief U.S. prosecutor. Stone was the fourth chief justice to have previously served as an Associate Justice and the second to have served in both positions consecutively. To date, Justice Stone is the only justice to have occupied all nine seniority positions on the bench, having moved from most junior associate justice to most senior associate justice and then to chief justice. == Death ==

Stone was suddenly stricken while in an open session of the Supreme Court. He had just (or by some accounts not quite) finished reading aloud his dissent in Girouard v. United States. Justice Hugo Black called the Court into a brief recess, and physicians were called. Stone later died of a cerebral hemorrhage on April 22, 1946, at his Washington D.C. home. Burial Stone is buried at Rock Creek Cemetery in the Petworth neighborhood of Washington, D.C. His grave is near those of other justices, including Justice Willis Van Devanter, Justice John Marshall Harlan, and Justice Stephen Johnson Field. ==Other activities and legacy==

Stone was a director of the Atlanta & Charlotte Air Line Railroad Company, president of the Association of American Law Schools, a member of the American Bar Association, and a member of the Literary Society of Washington for 11 years. Stone was awarded an honorary Master of Arts degree from Amherst College in 1900, and an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Amherst in 1913. Yale awarded him an honorary doctor of laws degree in 1924. Columbia and Williams each awarded him the same honorary degree in 1925. Amherst would later name Stone Hall in his honor, upon its completion in 1964. Stone was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1933 and the American Philosophical Society in 1939. Columbia Law School awards Harlan Fiske Stone Scholarships to students who demonstrate superior academic performance. Yale Law School awards the Harlan Fiske Stone Prize each fall to winners of the Morris Tyler Moot Court competition. ==Personal life==

His brother was Winthrop Stone, president of Purdue University. Stone married Agnes E. Harvey in 1899. Their children were Lauson H. Stone and the mathematician Marshall H. Stone. ==See also==