Born and raised in
Brooklyn, New York, to a Jewish family, Shapiro earned a
B.Sc. from the
City College of New York in 1949 and earned his
M.S. degree from the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1951. He received his
Ph.D. in 1952 from MIT; his thesis was written under the supervision of
Norman Levinson. He was the father of cosmologist
Max Tegmark, a graduate of the
Royal Institute of Technology and now a professor at MIT. Shapiro died on 5 March 2021, aged 92. == Academic career ==