The grammatical structure of the Hazaragi dialects of Dari are identical to that of the
Kabuli dialect. The convergence of the
voiced uvular stop (ق) and the
voiced velar fricative (غ) in
Western Persian (probably under the influence of
Turkic languages) is treated as separate phonemes in Hazaragi dialects. Diphthongs include , , and (cf. Iranian Persian , , ). The vocalic system is eastern Persian, characterized by the loss of length distinction, the retention of mid-vowels, and the rounding of
ā and
å/
o, alternating with its merger with
a or
û (cf. Iranian Persian ). and Tajik, and are thus not variable. Stress generally falls on the last syllable of a nominal word form, including derivative suffixes and several morphological markers. Typical is the insertion of epenthetic vowels in consonant clusters (e.g.,
pašm >
póšum; 'wool') and final devoicing (e.g.,
ḵût; 'self, own'). However, the systematic arrangement of all forms according to their morphological, as well as semantic, function shows that those forms fit well within the overall pattern. The system may tentatively be shown as follows, leaving out complex compound forms such as
zada ḵot mu-buda baš-um. In the assumptive, the distinction appears to be not between present versus past, but indefinite versus definite. Also, similar to all Persian dialects, the imperfective forms in
mi-, and past perfect forms, such as
mi-zad-um and
zada bud-um, are used in irreal conditional clauses and wishes, e.g.,
kaški zimi qulba kadagi mu-but ('If the field would only be/have been plowed'). Modal verbs, such as
tan- ('can'), are constructed with the perfect participle, e.g.,
ma bû-r-um, da čaman rasid-a ḵot tanist-um ('I shall go, and may be able to get to Chaman'). Participial nominalization is typical, both with the perfect participle (e.g.,
kad-a 'having done'), and with the derived participle with passive meaning
kad-ag-i 'having been done'. E.g.,
zimin-i qulba kada-ya ('The field has been ploughed'),
zamin-i qulba (na-)šuda-ra mi-ngar-um ('I am looking at a plowed/unplowed field'),
imrûz [u ḵondagi] tikrar mu-kun-a ('Today he repeats reading what he had read'). The gerundive (e.g.,
kad-an-i 'to be done') is likewise productive, as in
yag čiz, ki uftadani baš-a, ma u-ra qad-dist-ḵu girift-um, tulḡa kad-um ('One object, that was about to fall, I grabbed, and held it'). The clitic
-ku or
-ḵu topicalizes the parts of speech, and
-di topicalizes the predicate; e.g.,
i-yši raft, ma-ḵu da ḵona mand-um ('He himself left; I, though, I stayed'). == See also ==