Néron–Tate height

Néron defined the Néron–Tate height as a sum of local heights. Although the global Néron–Tate height is quadratic, the constituent local heights are not quite quadratic. Tate (unpublished) defined it globally by observing that the logarithmic height h_L associated to a symmetric invertible sheaf L on an abelian variety A is “almost quadratic,” and used this to show that the limit :\hat h_L(P) = \lim_{N\rightarrow\infty}\frac{h_L(NP)}{N^2} exists, defines a quadratic form on the Mordell–Weil group of rational points, and satisfies :\hat h_L(P) = h_L(P) + O(1), where the implied O(1) constant is independent of P. If L is anti-symmetric, that is [-1]^*L=L^{-1}, then the analogous limit :\hat h_L(P) = \lim_{N\rightarrow\infty}\frac{h_L(NP)}{N} converges and satisfies \hat h_L(P) = h_L(P) + O(1), but in this case \hat h_L is a linear function on the Mordell-Weil group. For general invertible sheaves, one writes L^{\otimes2} = (L\otimes[-1]^*L)\otimes(L\otimes[-1]^*L^{-1}) as a product of a symmetric sheaf and an anti-symmetric sheaf, and then :\hat h_L(P) = \frac12 \hat h_{L\otimes[-1]^*L}(P) + \frac12 \hat h_{L\otimes[-1]^*L^{-1}}(P) is the unique quadratic function satisfying :\hat h_L(P) = h_L(P) + O(1) \quad\mbox{and}\quad \hat h_L(0)=0. The Néron–Tate height depends on the choice of an invertible sheaf on the abelian variety, although the associated bilinear form depends only on the image of L in the Néron–Severi group of A. If the abelian variety A is defined over a number field K and the invertible sheaf is symmetric and ample, then the Néron–Tate height is positive definite in the sense that it vanishes only on torsion elements of the Mordell–Weil group A(K). More generally, \hat h_L induces a positive definite quadratic form on the real vector space A(K)\otimes\mathbb{R}. On an elliptic curve, the Néron–Severi group is of rank one and has a unique ample generator, so this generator is often used to define the Néron–Tate height, which is denoted \hat h without reference to a particular line bundle. (However, the height that naturally appears in the statement of the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture is twice this height.) On abelian varieties of higher dimension, there need not be a particular choice of smallest ample line bundle to be used in defining the Néron–Tate height, and the height used in the statement of the Birch–Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture is the Néron–Tate height associated to the Poincaré line bundle on A\times\hat A, the product of A with its dual. ==The elliptic and abelian regulators==

The bilinear form associated to the canonical height \hat h on an elliptic curve E is : \langle P,Q\rangle = \frac{1}{2} \bigl( \hat h(P+Q) - \hat h(P) - \hat h(Q) \bigr) . The elliptic regulator of E/K is : \operatorname{Reg}(E/K) = \det\bigl( \langle P_i,P_j\rangle \bigr)_{1\le i,j\le r}, where P1,...,Pr is a basis for the Mordell–Weil group E(K) modulo torsion (cf. Gram determinant). The elliptic regulator does not depend on the choice of basis. More generally, let A/K be an abelian variety, let B ≅ Pic0(A) be the dual abelian variety to A, and let P be the Poincaré line bundle on A × B. Then the abelian regulator of A/K is defined by choosing a basis Q1,...,Qr for the Mordell–Weil group A(K) modulo torsion and a basis η1,...,ηr for the Mordell–Weil group B(K) modulo torsion and setting : \operatorname{Reg}(A/K) = \det\bigl( \langle Q_i,\eta_j\rangle_{P} \bigr)_{1\le i,j\le r}. (The definitions of elliptic and abelian regulator are not entirely consistent, since if A is an elliptic curve, then the latter is 2r times the former.) The elliptic and abelian regulators appear in the Birch–Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture. ==Lower bounds for the Néron–Tate height==

There are two fundamental conjectures that give lower bounds for the Néron–Tate height. In the first, the field K is fixed and the elliptic curve E/K and point P ∈ E(K) vary, while in the second, the elliptic Lehmer conjecture, the curve E/K is fixed while the field of definition of the point P varies. • (Lang)      \hat h(P) \ge c(K) \log\max\bigl\{\operatorname{Norm}_{K/\mathbb{Q}}\operatorname{Disc}(E/K),h(j(E))\bigr\}\quad for all E/K and all nontorsion P\in E(K). • (Lehmer)     \hat h(P) \ge \frac{c(E/K)}{[K(P):K]} for all nontorsion P\in E(\bar K). In both conjectures, the constants are positive and depend only on the indicated quantities. (A stronger form of Lang's conjecture asserts that c depends only on the degree [K:\mathbb Q].) It is known that the abc conjecture implies Lang's conjecture, and that the analogue of Lang's conjecture over one dimensional characteristic 0 function fields is unconditionally true. The best general result on Lehmer's conjecture is the weaker estimate \hat h(P)\ge c(E/K)/[K(P):K]^{3+\varepsilon} due to Masser. When the elliptic curve has complex multiplication, this has been improved to \hat h(P)\ge c(E/K)/[K(P):K]^{1+\varepsilon} by Laurent. There are analogous conjectures for abelian varieties, with the nontorsion condition replaced by the condition that the multiples of P form a Zariski dense subset of A, and the lower bound in Lang's conjecture replaced by \hat h(P)\ge c(K)h(A/K), where h(A/K) is the Faltings height of A/K. ==Generalizations==

A polarized algebraic dynamical system is a triple (V,\varphi, L) consisting of a (smooth projective) algebraic variety V, an endomorphism \varphi:V \to V, and a line bundle L \to V with the property that \varphi^*L = L^{\otimes d} for some integer d > 1. The associated canonical height is given by the Tate limit : \hat h_{V,\varphi,L}(P) = \lim_{n\to\infty} \frac{h_{V,L}(\varphi^{(n)}(P))}{d^n}, where \varphi^{(n)} = \varphi\circ \cdots \circ \varphi is the n-fold iteration of \varphi. For example, any morphism \varphi: \mathbb{P}^n \to \mathbb{P}^n of degree d > 1 yields a canonical height associated to the line bundle relation \varphi^*\mathcal{O}(1) = \mathcal{O}(n). If V is defined over a number field and L is ample, then the canonical height is non-negative, and : \hat h_{V,\varphi,L}(P) = 0 ~~ \Longleftrightarrow ~~ P \text{ is preperiodic for } \varphi. (P is preperiodic if its forward orbit P, \varphi(P), \varphi^2(P), \varphi^3(P),\ldots contains only finitely many distinct points.) ==References==