Hemiauchenia

The genus name is derived from the (, "half"-) and αὐχήν (, "neck"). Species are specified using Latin adjectives or Latinised names from other languages. North American fossils fleeing a volcanic eruption Remains of these species have been found in assorted locations around North America, including Florida, Texas, Kansas, Nebraska, Arizona, Mexico, California, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Oregon, Colorado, and Washington. The "large-headed llama", H. macrocephala, was widely distributed in North and Central America, with H. vera being known from the western United States and northern Mexico. H. minima has been found in Florida, and H. guanajuatensis in Mexico. H. macrocephala gave rise to modern lamines (guanacos, vicuñas, and their domesticated forms) when a population migrated southward towards South America. South American fossils , H. paradoxa Fossils of Hemiauchenia in South America are restricted to the Pleistocene and have been found in the Luján and Agua Blanca Formations of Buenos Aires Province and Córdoba Province, Argentina, the Tarija Formation of Bolivia, Pilauco of Osorno, Los Lagos, Chile and Paraíba, Ceará, and the Touro Passo Formation of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Hemiauchenia paradoxa is suggested to have been a browser. == Distinguishing characteristics of members of Hemiauchenia ==

H. vera • Relatively low-crowned teeth (part of visible teeth ends close to gums) • Large caniniform (canine-like) upper first premolar • Retention of lower third premolar H. blancoensis • Named for Blancan Age stratum where typically found • Shorter mandibular diastema (teeth-spacing between incisors and molars) than H. macrocephala and H. vera • Caniniform upper first premolar • Absent second premolar • Upper third premolar present or absent • Lower crowned molars H. macrocephala • Possesses a larger skull relative to other species • Long, robust limbs • Large skeletal size • Presence of a deciduous upper second premolar • Fully molariform deciduous second premolar (its infant bicuspids were like molars) • High-crowned molars • Thick layer of cementum on the teeth • Broad mandibular symphysis (line where the bones of the jaw join together) with incisors in a vertical fashion Thought to have been browsers and mixed feeders. Suggested to be less closely related to modern Lama and Vicugna than H. paradoxa is. and as far north as Nebraska. Also present in Mexico. H. minima • Despite being the earliest recognized species, general distinguishing characteristics for H. minima are little known. Other species Also, a few lesser known species, such as H. paradoxa, H. seymourensis, H. edensis and H. guanajuatensis, have been found. Depending on which source is consulted, these may or may not be considered legitimate taxa. == Classification history ==

Prior to 1974, fossil specimens now thought to be Hemiauchenia were classified as Holomeniscus, Lama, and Tanupolama, until S. David Webb proposed that these North and South American fossil species were part of a single genus. This has been accepted by all subsequent researchers, although in 2013, Carolina Saldanha Scherer questioned the inclusion of a certain North American species and suggested that Hemiauchenia is paraphyletic. == Diet ==

Over the Pliocene and Pleistocene, Hemiauchenia was an intermediate feeder that preferred browsing with a hypsodont dentition. In Florida, Hemiauchenia populations were predominantly strict C3 browsers before the Blancan-Irvingtonian boundary but shifted towards a mixed feeding diet at the start of the Irvingtonian, a dietary shift coinciding with the arrival of Mammuthus in North America. This dietary shift has proposed to have been caused by floral changes as well as potentially by the ecosystem engineering of Mammuthus increasing the prevalence of open habitats. However, paired analysis of dental microwear and mesowear of H. macrocephala specimens from the Blancan of west-central Mexico show that it had a mixed feeding or non-strict grazing diet that was highly variable, likely indicating a highly heterogeneous environment in the region. According to δ13C analysis of Hemiauchenia from Térapa in northeastern Sonora, which had a humid and equable climate relative to the present day, it was a C3 browser. δ13C analyses of H. paradoxa teeth from the Touro Passo and Santa Vitória Formations of Brazil indicate H. paradoxa was primarily a grazer of C3 grasses. == See also ==