Herbert Aptheker

Early life and education Herbert Aptheker was born in Brooklyn, New York, the youngest child of a wealthy Jewish family. In 1931, when he was 16, he accompanied his father on a business trip to Alabama. There he learned first-hand about the oppression of African Americans under Jim Crow Laws in the South. The trip proved shocking and life-altering for Aptheker, who upon his return to Brooklyn began writing a column called "The Dark Side of The South" for his Erasmus Hall High School newspaper. Aptheker graduated from high school in the spring of 1933, during the Great Depression. Although admitted to Columbia University, he was unable to gain admission to the main campus of Columbia College, which had already filled a quota set for Jews by college president Nicholas Murray Butler. and ethnic Italians admitted in excess of Butler's quotas. He began reading the Communist Party's daily newspaper, The Daily Worker, at this time as well as the party's literary-artistic monthly, The New Masses, In September 1939, he joined the Communist Party USA. He was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in sociology in 1945. Marriage and World War II In 1942 Aptheker married Fay Philippa Aptheker (1905–1999), a first cousin who was also a native of Brooklyn. She was a union organizer and political activist. They were married for 62 years, until her death. That year, he was one of 16 Army officers and enlisted men singled out as alleged Communists by the House Committee on Military Affairs. General "Wild Bill" Donovan came to their defense, citing their loyalty and effectiveness. Aptheker returned home in 1946, and in December 1950 lost his commission and was honorably discharged after failing to respond to the Army's letter of inquiry about his Communist political activity. A strong opponent of the Vietnam War, Aptheker lectured on the subject on college campuses nationwide. At the invitation of North Vietnam, he, Tom Hayden and Staughton Lynd traveled through the country from December 1965 to January 1966. Aptheker wrote about the experience in Mission to Hanoi (1966). From 1969 to 1973, he taught a full-year course annually in Afro-American History at Bryn Mawr College. He left the Communist Party in 1992 along with Michael Myerson, Angela Davis, Gil Green, and Charlene Mitchell, co-founding the Committees of Correspondence for Democracy and Socialism. Aptheker died at age 87 on March 17, 2003, in Mountain View, California. His wife had died in 1999. She also wrote that she and her father reconciled before his death in 2003. In her memoir, Bettina Aptheker wrote more at length about her father's work on African-American history. She thought that he celebrated black resistance in part "to compensate for his deep shame about the way, he believed, the Jews had acted during the Holocaust." ==Works==

• The Negro People in America: A Critique of Gunnar Myrdal’s “An American Dilemma” (International Publishers: New York, 1946) • "Mississippi Reconstruction and the Negro Leader Charles Caldwell", Science & Society (Fall 1947) • Afro American History: 1910–1932 (Citadel Press: New York, 1951) • Laureates of Imperialism (Masses & Mainstream: New York, 1954) • History and Reality (1955), later republished as The Era of McCarthyism (Marzani & Munsell: New York, 1962) • The American Revolution 1763–1783 (International Publishers: New York, 1960) • The American Civil War (International Publishers: New York, 1961) • American Negro Slave Revolts (1943) (Cameron Associates: NY, 1955) • Toward Negro Freedom (New Century Publishers: New York, 1956) • Documentary History of the Negro People, 7 volumes (Carol Publishing Group: NJ, 1951–1994) • The Truth about Hungary (Kraus Reprint: NY, 1957) • The Colonial Era (International Publishers: New York, 1959) • And Why Not Every Man? Documentary Story of the Fight Against Slavery in the U.S. (Seven Seas Books: CA, 1961) • Dare We Be Free? The Meaning of the Attempt To Outlaw the Communist Party (New Century Publishers: Dublin, 1961) • Soul of the Republic: The Negro Today (Marzani & Munsell, New York, 1964) • ''“One Continual Cry”: David Walker's Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World (1829–1830), Its Setting & Its Meaning'' (New York: Humanities Press, 1965) • ''Nat Turner's Slave Rebellion: Including the 1831 "Confessions"'' (Dover: NY, 1966) • Mission to Hanoi (International Publishers: New York, 1966) • Czechoslovakia and Counter-Revolution: Why the Socialist Countries Intervened (New Outlook Publishers, New York, 1969) • "Imperialism and Irrationalism", Telos 04 (Fall 1969) • The Urgency of Marxist-Christian Dialogue (Kraus Reprint: NY, 1970) • Afro-American History: The Modern Era, (Citadel Press, Secaucus, 1971) • American Negro Slave Revolts (International Publishers: New York, 1974) • Early Years of the Republic: From the End of the Revolution to the First Administration of Washington (International Publishers: New York, 1976) • The World of C. Wright Mills (Kraus Reprint: NY, 1977) • American Foreign Policy and the Cold War (Kraus Reprint: NY, 1977) • Unfolding Drama,(International Publishers: New York, 1979) • The Nature of Democracy, Freedom & Revolution (International Publishers: New York, 1981) • Racism, Imperialism & Peace: Selected Essays (MEP Publications: MN, 1987) • Abolitionism: A Revolutionary Movement (Twayne Publishers: CT, 1989) • The Literary Legacy Of W. E. B. Du Bois (Kraus Reprint: NY, 1989) • To Be Free: Studies in American Negro History (Citadel Press: New York, 1991) • Anti-Racism in U.S. History: The First Two Hundred Years, (Praeger: CT, 1992) == Works featuring an introduction or foreword by Aptheker ==

• Washington, Booker T., Herbert Aptheker (Foreword), The Negro in the South 2nd ed., (Carol Publishing Group: NJ, 1989) • Du Bois, W. E. B., Herbert Aptheker (Introduction), The Quest of the Silver Fleece == Works edited by Aptheker ==

• Du Bois, W. E. B., Herbert Aptheker(Ed.), The Autobiography of W. E. B. Du Bois: A Soliloquy on Viewing My Life from the Last Decade of Its First Century, (International Publishers: NY, 1968) • Du Bois, W. E. B., Herbert Aptheker (Ed.), The Education of Black People: Ten Critiques, 1906–1960, (Monthly Review Press: NY, 1973) • Du Bois, W. E. B., Herbert Aptheker (Ed.), Contributions by W. E. B. Du Bois in Government Publications and Proceedings, (Kraus-Thomson Organization: NY, 1980) • Du Bois, W. E. B., Herbert Aptheker, Bettina Aptheker, David Graham Dnm Dubois (Ed.),Prayers for Dark People, (University of Massachusetts Press: MA, 1980) • Du Bois, W. E. B., Herbert Aptheker (Ed.), Selections from the Crisis, (Kraus-Thomson Organization: NY, 1980) • Du Bois, W. E. B., Herbert Aptheker (Ed.), Writings by W. E. B. Du Bois in Non-Periodical Literature Edited by Others, (Kraus-Thomson Organization: NY, 1982) • Du Bois, W. E. B., Herbert Aptheker (Ed.), Creative Writings by W. E. B. Du Bois: A Pageant, Poems, Short Stories, and Playlets, (Kraus-Thomson Organization: NY, 1985) • Du Bois, W. E. B., Herbert Aptheker (Ed.), Against Racism: Unpublished Essays, Papers, Addresses, 1887–1961, (University of Massachusetts Press: MA, 1985) • Du Bois, W. E. B., Herbert Aptheker (Ed.), Newspaper Columns, (Kraus-Thomson Organization: NY, 1986) • Knutson, April A., Herbert Aptheker (Ed.), Ideology and Independence in the Americas, (MEP Publications: MN, 1989) • Du Bois, W. E. B., Herbert Aptheker (Ed.), The Correspondence of W. E. B. Du Bois, (University of Massachusetts Press: MA, 1997) ==References==

• "Herbert Aptheker Papers, 1842–2005" (122 linear ft.), Department of Special Collections and University Archives, Stanford University Libraries, Stanford, CA. Text Finding Aid ==External links==