The ballad was first published in 1877 as a folk song of the
Södermanland region (recorded in Lunda parish,
Nyköping Municipality). Other variants have been recorded in which the courted man is called "Herr Magnus" (
Herr Magnus och Hafstrollet,
Hertig Magnus och Hafsfrun, a
hafstroll or
hafsfru being a
water-nymph,
neck or
mermaid).
Hertig Magnus och sjöjungfrun ("Duke Magnus and the Mermaid") is an 1862 operetta by
Ivar Hallström (libretto by
Frans Hedberg). The lyrics of the ballad published in 1877 are in seven verses, with a refrain in the troll's voice (
Herr Mannelig trolofven I mig, "Sir Mannelig will you be
betrothed to me?"). The first verse gives an exposition, saying of the troll "she had a false tongue" (
Hon hade en falskeliger tunga), suggesting that the troll is trying to deceive the young man; this is in contrast to the Näshulta variant, which has
hon sjong med så rörande tunga ("she sang with touching [emotionally affecting] tongue", which may or may not imply deception). Verses 2–5 are in the troll's voice, promising gifts of twelve steeds, twelve mills, a gilded sword and a silken shirt, respectively; verse 6 is in the man's voice, rejecting the proposal, calling the troll "of the tribe of the
neck and the devil" (
af Neckens och djävulens stämma, while in the Näshulta he declines because he swore not to marry a
heathen). The final verse has the troll running away wailing ("Had I got the handsome young man / I would have avoided my torment"
Hade jag fått den fager ungersven / Så hade jag mistat min plåga). The Näshulta variant is closely related, but has an additional five verses listing promised gifts, the list of promises being (verses 2–10): a castle, twelve horses, a stable, twelve mills, a gilded sword, a silken shirt, a cap of red damask, a blue mantle, and finally treasure of gold and diamonds. the same theme was notably adapted by
Hans Christian Andersen in
The Little Mermaid (
Den Lille Havfrue, 1837), influenced by
Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué's
Undine of 1811, and ultimately based on the theory by
Paracelsus that there are certain nature spirits who lack a soul and are therefore "willing to surrender their carefee lives to marry a mortal, experience human suffering, and thereby win spiritual immortality". In
German folklore, the theme is expressed more typically by the water-nymph trying to draw the young man into perdition rather than trying to be saved by him (cf.
Der Fischer by
Goethe 1779;
Loreley by
Clemens Brentano 1801). The sexes are reversed in the German ballad
Es freit ein wilder Wassermann, recorded 1813 in
Joachimsthal, Brandenburg, where a male water spirit woos a young woman. The song in the 1877 version has become popular in the
Neofolk,
Folk rock or
Neo-Medieval musical genres since the late 1990s, following its inclusion in the album
Guds spelemän by
Garmarna in 1996. Later performances include
In Extremo,
Verehrt und angespien (1999),
Haggard,
Eppur Si Muove (2004),
Heimataerde,
Dark Dance (2009),
Midnattsol,
The Aftermath (2018),
SKÁLD,
Huldufólk (2023), among others. ==Lyrics==