History and traditions of Harvard commencements

Harvard's Commencement Day, on which degrees are conferred, is the highlight of several days of events such as receptions, dinners, concerts, literary exercises, miscellaneous ceremonies, a baccalaureate service, and Class Day events.. The annual meeting of the Harvard Alumni Association, long convened on the afternoon of Commencement Day, was moved in 2022 to the week following. ==Class Day==

The annual Class Day celebration occurs the day before Commencement. ==Daybreak rituals==

, with banners displaying arms of the various graduate and professional schools, and upperclass houses. Beyond the trees are the columns of Widener Library. Most upperclass Houses have preliminary rituals of their own. At Lowell House, for example, a perambulating bagpiper alerts seniors at 6:15am for a 6:30 breakfast in the House dining hall with members of the Senior Common Room, after which all process (along with members of Eliot House, who have been similarly roused) to Memorial Church for a chapel service at 7:45. }} ==Morning exercises==

Morning Exercises are held in the central green of Harvard Yard (known as Tercentenary Theatre); the dais is before the steps of Memorial Church, facing Widener Library. }} Early commencements were held in a variety of locations, all indoors. They were held in Sanders Theatre from 1874 until 1916, when they were moved to Harvard Stadium; in 1922 they were moved to their present venue. }} Some 32,000 people attend the event, including university officials, civic dignitaries, faculty, honorees, alumni, family and guests. Degree candidates wear cap and gown or other academic regalia (see Academic regalia of Harvard University). }} Academic Parade graduate and professional degrees, followed by alumni and alumnae. Candidates for undergraduate degrees enter next, traditionally removing headgear as they pass the John Harvard statue en route. A stabilizing "fin" was added at the rear sometime in the 20th century. "It was just uncomfortable. I don’t know how to describe it," recalled Derek Bok, Harvard's 25th president (19711991), whose mother embroidered a "much-needed" cushion for use with it. Said the Harvard Gazette in 2007: }} Ceremonies (left), George C. Marshall (third left, speaking with Pres. James B. Conant), Omar N. Bradley (third right), T.S. Eliot (2nd right). At the University Marshal's call ("Mister Sheriff, pray give us order") the Middlesex Sheriff takes to the dais, strikes it thrice with the butt of his staff, and intones, "The meeting will be in order."{{refn| name=feasting| Three student speakers (Undergraduate English, Undergraduate Latin, and Graduate English) are introduced and deliver their addresses. Then, according to the order in which the various graduate and professional schools were created, the dean of each school steps forward to present, en masse, that school's degree candidates. Each group stands for the President's incantation conferring their degrees, which is followed by a traditional welcome or exhortation: doctoral graduates, for example, are welcomed "to the ancient and universal company of scholars", while law graduates are reminded to "aid in the shaping and application of those wise restraints that make us free." Last to be graduated are the bachelor's candidates, who are then welcomed to "the fellowship of educated men and women." Honorary degrees are then bestowed. Finally, all rise to sing "The Harvard Hymn", that the trustees, faculty and benefactors will manifest (respectively) integrity, wisdom, and generosity. After a benediction is said, the Middlesex Sheriff declares the ceremony closed and the President's Procession departs. Once the dais is clear the Harvard Band strikes up and the Memorial Church bell commences to peal, joined by bells throughout Cambridge for most of the following hour. , Esq., LL.D., Governor; Honorable Samuel Adams, Esq., Vice-Governor..." in Latin" ==Mid-day ceremonies==

for Class Day exercises (late 19th or early 20th century) After the Morning Exercises, each graduate or professional school, and each upperclass House, holds a smaller ceremony (with luncheon) at which its member-graduates are called forward by name to receive their diplomas in hand. ==Alumni Association meeting and afternoon addresses==

For many years, at the afternoon meeting of the Harvard Alumni Association, the President and the Commencement Day speaker delivered their addresses. However, in 2022, the Alumni Association meeting was moved to a week after commencement, as cancellations during COVID "helped lead to the re-thinking about purpose and forums." US Secretary of State (and former Army general) George C. Marshall's address at the 1947 commencement famously outlined a plan (soon known as the Marshall Plan) for the economic revival of postWorld War II Europe. ==Historical notes==

Sheriffs (r) with fellow seniors, 1915 , 2015 "Our fathers... closely associated the thirst for learning and that for beer", a 1924 Harvard history observed, so that (a modern survey continued) the sheriffs' presence at Commencements "has a practical origin. Feasting, drinking, and merrymaking at earlier commencements often got out of hand. Fights were not unheard of", and commencements in various years have featured two-headed calves, an elephant, and Indians-versus-scholars archery competitions. Such goings-on were sufficiently common knowledge that in 1749, Bostonian William Douglass explained to a general readership that the siege and capture of Louisbourg had been "carried on in a tumultuary random Manner, and resembled a Cambridge Commencement." Thus in 1781, Earlier measures had included the 1693 banning of plum cakethe enjoyment of which, officials asserted, was unknown at other universities, "dishonourable to ye Colledge, not gratefull to Wise men, and chargable to [i.e. the fault of] ye Parents". This was one of many efforts by Increase Mather (Harvard's president from 1692 to 1701) toward "Reformation of those excesses... [of] Commencement day and so that I might [prevent] disorder and profaneness"for Harvard officials a recurring headache. Sartorial regulations To curb unseemly sartorial displays of wealth and social status the 1807 Laws of Harvard College provided that, on Commencement day, 2024 Gaza war protest At least several hundred degree candidates and faculty walked out of the 2024 morning exercises to protest the denial of degrees, pending appeal, to thirteen Harvard College seniors; the degrees had been withheld due to the students' conduct during a weeks-long "encampment" in Harvard Yard protesting the Gaza–Israel conflict. According to the Harvard undergraduate newspaper, The Crimson, the walkout had been "something of a foregone conclusion... so widely expected by students and administrators alike that it could just as well have been added to the official Commencement program." == Honorary degrees ==

Several hundred Harvard honorary degrees (which with few exceptions must be accepted in person) have been awarded since the first were awarded in 1692. Notable recipients have included at least 14 U.S. Presidents, as well as numerous writers, artists, and Nobel Prize recipients. In 1984 the Harvard Corporation decided that no honorary degrees would be granted at the 1986 commencement (marking Harvard's 350th year), ending controversy over whether Ronald Reagan would be awarded a degree. A Harvard official called the decision "the only graceful way out" of the situation; Reagan was nonetheless invited to speak at the ceremony. George Bernard Shaw In 1935 playwright George Bernard Shaw declined nomination for a Harvard honorary degree, urging instead that Harvard celebrate its three-hundredth anniversary by "burning itself to the ground... as an example to all the other famous old corrupters of youth" such as Yale. Responding to the prospect of being nominated for an honorary degree on the occasion of Harvard's Tercentenary celebration in 1936, George Bernard Shaw wrote: A handwritten postscript read: "I appreciate the friendliness of your attitude." == Commencement speakers ==