Homeschooling

While "homeschooling" is the term commonly used in the United States and other nations in North America, "home education" is primarily used in the United Kingdom, elsewhere in Europe and in many Commonwealth countries. ==History==

Home education declined in the 19th and 20th centuries following the enactment. In classical Greece and Rome, education emphasized philosophy, rhetoric, and civic duty, laying the groundwork for Western educational thought. During the Middle Ages, religious institutions preserved knowledge and established early universities in Europe and the Islamic world. The Renaissance and Reformation sparked a shift toward humanism and literacy, expanding access to education. By the 19th and 20th centuries, public education systems emerged globally, evolving into the diverse, technology-driven models we see today. Early history For most of history, home-based education was common. In many cultures, home education often consisted of literacy training centered around religious texts, as well as basic math skills needed in everyday life. In past Christian-majority cultures, reading aloud, reciting, and memorizing passages from the Christian Bible and other writings was central to this practice, as well as workplace-based education such as apprenticeships. Enlisting professional tutors was an option available only to the wealthy. Home education and apprenticeship remained the main form of education until the 1830s. However, prior to the 18th century, the majority of Europeans lacked formal education. In the early 19th century, formal classroom schooling became the most common means of schooling throughout developed countries. As laws enforcing public school attendance proliferated, movements resisting such laws began to form. The HSLDA, founded in 1983, was highly successful in influencing the legal status of homeschooling in the United States. In the 1980s, homeschooling was illegal throughout much of the United States for parents who were not themselves trained educators. Today, the United States has some of the most lax laws around homeschooling, with most states requiring little to no oversight and no educational requirements for parents. Homeschooling is legal in all 50 states in the United States. Each state must follow regulations set by their states. In Ohio, it is sufficient for parents to have completed their secondary education and to report to the administration, whereas in California they must have received training. Prominent right-wing evangelical pastor and activist Jerry Falwell sought to terminate sex education and discussions of evolutionary biology from American school curricula, instead recommending replacing both topics with prayer and Christian Bible study. Another influential figure associated with the rise of the homeschooling movement was John Holt. Holt believed that informal education was better than compulsory education and expressed these views in his books How Children Fail and How Children Learn. Holt advocated for unschooling, whereby children learn without any formalized curricula or expectations. As homeschooling caught on in Evangelical Christian circles, the number of children being homeschooled increased massively, with some estimates suggesting the number went from under twenty thousand in the 1970s to nearly 500,000 by the end of the 1980s. Attempts to homeschool without approval can result in fines, legal action, or even custody disputes, as local school authorities (Schulamt) strictly enforce attendance laws France Homeschooling in France is permitted only in specific circumstances: for the child's health, for intensive artistic or sports training, for itinerant families, and for those who live too far from a school. To be granted the right to homeschool, parents must have a baccalauréat or equivalent to prove they are qualified to teach. These restrictions were introduced in September 2022, known as loi contre le séparatisme: a law designed to reduce "Islamist separatism" and enforce secularism. Canada Home education in Ontario is subject to section 21(2)(a) of the Education Act, which exempts children: "A person is exempt from attending school in one of the following cases: (a) they receive satisfactory instruction at home or elsewhere". Asia A meta-analysis of studies on homeschooling in Asia found that most homeschoolers cited religion as their reason for homeschooling. In East Asia, homeschooling is gaining traction among urban families in cities like Taipei and Hong Kong, driven by dissatisfaction with rigid school systems and a desire for more holistic, child-centered learning In most Middle Eastern states, school attendance is compulsory for citizens, but optional for expats. After the COVID-19 pandemic, a number of countries such as Jordan, Iraq, and Egypt released online resources for home education, although resources for home education in the Arabic language remain limited. Africa The legal status of homeschooling in Africa varies. In Kenya, public education is compulsory and homeschooling is not specifically addressed by the law. Families may face repercussions for pursuing home education. Homeschooling in South Africa is regulated under the BELA act which requires homeschooling parents to register with the government and submit to academic assessments, in addition to allowing governments to inspect and approve homeschooling setups. ==Motivations==

as of 2023. There are many reasons why parents and children choose to homeschool, whether by necessity or by choice. Homeschool may be a necessity for a variety of reasons. For those who are in isolated rural locations that are too far from a conventional school, living abroad, or travel frequently, homeschool provides more consistency and convenience, eliminating the issues of distance or cultural barriers. Many young athletes, actors, and musicians are taught at home to accommodate their travel and practice schedules more conveniently. Mental and physical health issues are also a reason parents may homeschool or take distance education. Parents commonly cite two main motivations for voluntarily homeschooling their children: dissatisfaction with the local schools and the interest in increased involvement with their children's learning and development. Parental dissatisfaction with available schools typically includes concerns about the school environment, the quality of academic instruction, the curriculum, bullying, the risk of school shootings, racism, and lack of faith in the school's ability to cater to their children's special needs. Some parents homeschool to have greater control over what and how their children are taught, to cater more adequately to an individual child's aptitudes and abilities, to provide instruction from a specific religious or and moral position, and to take advantage of the efficiency of one-to-one instruction and thus allow the child to spend more time on childhood activities, socializing, and non-academic learning. A 2023 survey of homeschooling parents in the United States found concerns about school environment, moral instruction, dissatisfaction with academics, concern about school shootings, and bullying to be the most common reasons for homeschooling. The need for distance learning during the COVID-19 pandemic caused many parents to consider homeschooling where they might not have before. Concerns about school environment – the most commonly cited reason for homeschooling – may comprise a number of issues with conventional schooling, such as protection against bullying, social exclusion, drugs, stress, sexualization, social pressures, excessive performance thoughts, social groups or role models with negative influences, and degrading treatment in school. Some parents are of the opinion that certain temperaments are promoted in school, while others are inhibited which may also be a reason to homeschool their children. Many parents also homeschool their children and return their child into the school system later on, for example because they think that their child is too young or not yet ready to start school. Religion Some parents have objections to the secular nature of public schools and homeschool to give their children a religious education. Use of a religious curriculum such as Abeka is common among these families. In the United States, conservative Christians drove the movement to homeschool and made up the vast majority of homeschoolers until recent years. However, the percent of people who cited religion as the primary reason for homeschooling has declined drastically. In 2012, almost 2 of 3 homeschool parents did, while by 2023, the proportion dropped to just over 1 in 3. Homeschooling parents tend, in general, to lean more conservative than the general population. In Asia, the majority of homeschoolers cited religion – Christianity, Confucianism, or Islam – as their primary reason for homeschooling. The increase of homeschooling post-COVID-19 pandemic saw the greatest increases among Black, Latino, and Asian American households. Many families cited concerns that their children, particularly boys, were perceived as threatening or violent at school due to racism, as well as the issue of school quality and funding. ==Teaching methods, forms and philosophies==

Homeschooling is usually conducted by a parent, tutor, or an online teacher, but the concrete practice can vary widely. The spectrum ranges from highly structured forms based on traditional school lessons to more open, free forms like unschooling, which is a curriculum-free implementation of homeschooling that involves teaching children based on their interests. Homeschool families can use a wide variety of educational methods and materials with a wide range of educational paradigms. Some of the concepts homeschoolers can incorporate include classical education (including Trivium, Quadrivium), Charlotte Mason education, Montessori, theory of multiple intelligences, unschooling, Waldorf, school-at-home (curriculum choices from both secular and religious publishers), and A Thomas Jefferson Education. Homeschool educations may incorporate pre-made curriculum made up from private or small publishers, apprenticeship, hands-on-learning, distance learning (both online and correspondence), dual enrollment in local schools or colleges, and curriculum provided by local schools and many others. A student's education may be customized to support their learning level, style, and interests. It is not uncommon for a student to experience more than one approach as the family discovers what works best for their student. Some companies offer all-in-one homeschooling curricula. Purchased as a grade-level package or separately by subject, the package may contain all of the needed books, materials, tests, answer keys, and extensive teacher guides. However, many families use an eclectic approach, picking and choosing from various suppliers. For sources of curricula and books, a study found that 78 percent used "a public library"; 77 percent used "a homeschooling catalogue, publisher, or individual specialist"; 68 percent used "retail bookstore or another store"; 60 percent used "an education publisher that was not affiliated with homeschooling." "Approximately half" used curriculum from "a homeschooling organization", 37 percent from a "church, synagogue or other religious institution" and 23 percent from "their local public school or district." In 2003, 41 percent used some sort of distance learning, approximately 20 percent by "television, video or radio"; 19 percent via "The Internet, e-mail, or the World Wide Web"; and 15 percent taking a "correspondence course by mail designed specifically for homeschoolers." Individual governmental units, e.g. states and local districts, vary in official curriculum and attendance requirements. Structured versus unstructured Approaches to homeschooling fall under two categories: structured and unstructured. Structured homeschooling includes any method or style of home education that follows a basic curriculum with articulated goals and outcomes. This style attempts to imitate the structure of a traditional school setting while personalizing the curriculum. Unstructured homeschooling, also known as unschooling, is any form of home education where parents do not construct a curriculum at all. This method attempts to teach through the child's daily experiences and focuses more on self-directed learning by the child, free of textbooks, teachers, and any formal assessment of success or failure. Unschooling and natural learning The term unschooling, coined by John Holt, describes an approach in which parents do not authoritatively direct the child's education, but interact with the child following the child's interests, leaving them free to explore and learn. Another prominent proponent of unschooling is John Taylor Gatto, author of Dumbing Us Down, The Exhausted School, A Different Kind of Teacher, and Weapons of Mass Instruction. Gatto argues that public education is the primary tool of "state-controlled consciousness" and serves as a prime illustration of the total institution — a social system which impels obedience to the state and quells free-thinking or dissent. Informal learning Informal learning refers to the component of homeschooling which happens outside of the classroom. Informal learning is an everyday form of learning through participation and creation, in contrast with the traditional view of teacher-centered learning. The term is usually used synonymously with "non-formal learning" and "self-directed learning." Informal learning differs from traditional learning as there are no expected objectives or outcomes. From the learner's standpoint, the knowledge that they receive is not intentional. Activities such as planting a garden, baking a cake or even talking to a technician at work about the installation of new software can be considered informal learning: the individual is completing a task with different intentions but ends up learning skills in the process. Children watching their tomato plants grow will not generate questions about photosynthesis but they will learn that their plants are growing with water and sunlight. This leads them to have a base understanding of complex scientific concepts without any background studying. Depending on the part of the world, informal learning can take on many different identities and has differing cultural importances. Many ways of organizing homeschooling draw on the model of apprenticeships and play-based learning. In some South American indigenous cultures, such as the Chillihuani community in Peru, children learn irrigation and farming technique through play, advancing them not only in their own village and society but also in their knowledge of realistic techniques that they will need to survive. In Western culture, children use informal learning in two main ways: through hands-on experience with new material, and by asking questions to someone who has more experience (i.e. parents, elders). The concept of informal learning depends on the inquisitiveness and interests of the child. Unit studies In a unit study approach, multiple subjects such as math, science, history, art, and geography, are studied in relation to a single topic. Unit studies are useful for teaching multiple grades simultaneously as the difficulty level can be adjusted for each student. An extended form of unit studies, Integrated Thematic Instruction uses one central theme integrated throughout the curriculum so that students finish a school year with a deep understanding of a certain broad subject or idea. Autonomous learning Autonomous learning is a school of education which sees learners as individuals who can and should be autonomous; i.e., be responsible for their own learning climate. Autonomous education helps students develop their self-consciousness, vision, practicality, and freedom of discussion. These attributes serve to aid the student in their independent learning. However, a student must not start their autonomous learning completely on their own. It is said that first having interaction with someone who has more knowledge in a subject will speed up the student's learning and allow them to learn more independently. Some degree of autonomous learning is popular with those who home educate their children. In true autonomous learning, the child usually gets to decide what projects they wish to tackle or what interests to pursue. In-home education, this can be instead of or in addition to regular subjects like doing math or English. Hybrid homeschooling Hybrid homeschooling or flex-school The number of students who participated in hybrid homeschooling increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2017, a study found that over 55% of homeschoolers are flexischooled, taking university or high school classes at least part of the time. A commonly cited reason for choosing this model is that parents are not sure whether they can provide their children a comprehensive and neutral education at home or cannot devote themselves to homeschooling full-time due to time constraints or excessive stress. Some families also want their children to socialize with other children and find that schools are better suited for this purpose because social exchange does not only take place occasionally, but is an everyday experience there. ==Homeschool cooperatives==

A homeschool cooperative is a cooperative of families who homeschool their children. It provides an opportunity for children to learn from other parents who are more specialized in certain areas or subjects. Co-ops also provide social interaction. They may take lessons together or go on field trips. Some co-ops also offer events such as prom and graduation for homeschoolers. Homeschoolers are beginning to use Web 2.0 as a way to simulate homeschool cooperatives online. With social networks, homeschoolers can chat, discuss threads in forums, share information and tips, and even participate in online classes via learning management systems similar to those used by colleges. ==Research on outcomes==

Research on homeschooling faces a number of challenges and limitations. The documentation and regulation of homeschooling in the United States is highly variable among states, with a minority of states administering any rigorous testing or record-keeping of homeschooled children; in eleven states, no record of homeschooled students is kept at all. As of 2022, virtually all research on homeschooling used convenience sampling, leading to issues with selection bias. Homeschoolers as a demographic tend towards distrust of surveillance and institutions, making eliminating survey bias a challenge. Homeschooling research is often conducted on homeschooled children or their parents; surveys of adults who have been homeschooled are extremely limited. A number of large scale studies sponsored by the HSLDA on the academic achievement of homeschoolers recruited volunteers, promising the study would be used for homeschooling advocacy; subjects were able to self-report scores based on tests administered at home with parents proctoring. In the 20th century, education was increasingly recognized as a fundamental human right, with organizations like UNESCO promoting universal access to schooling worldwide. Academic Claims by homeschooling proponents that homeschoolers fare better than traditionally schooled children are insufficiently supported by data. Parental class A study conducted by Ray in 2010 indicates that the higher the level of parents' income, the more likely the homeschooled child is able to achieve academic success, which is in alignment with the correlation between income and achievement for students at conventional schools. In one study of families with parents who had an average of 13 years of schooling, homeschooling was correlated with lower test scores, which was attributed to the relatively lower educational status of the parents in the sample group; meanwhile, in studies with highly educated parents, homeschooling for longer periods of time, on average, had no effect, positive or negative. Unschooling Unschooled children tend to score significantly below traditionally educated children, and higher parental involvement and the use of a structured curriculum is strongly positively correlated with homeschooling outcomes, as with conventionally schooled students. Homeschooled children have been found to be less self-motivated when studying math than reading or writing. This gap in competency has also been suggested as a reason why homeschoolers are less likely to pursue higher education. However, a study by the Kentucky Office Of Education Accountability found that homeschooled students attended college or university within Kentucky at less than half the rate of other Kentucky high school graduates, with the academic outcomes of other homeschooled students being unknown. Canadian Christian think tank Cardus found in a demographically representative study that homeschooled students in the US and Canada were less likely to attend selective colleges, raising questions about social and institutional barriers homeschoolers faced when applying to colleges, such as lack of a conventional high school diploma. Some homeschoolers averaged higher scores on college entrance tests in South Carolina. Other scores (1999 data) showed mixed results, for example showing higher levels for homeschoolers in English (homeschooled 23.4 vs national average 20.5) and reading (homeschooled 24.4 vs national average 21.4) on the ACT, but mixed scores in math (homeschooled 20.4 vs national average 20.7 on the ACT as opposed to homeschooled 535 vs national average 511 on the 1999 SAT math). For those homeschoolers who do pursue higher education, their GPA tends to be higher. Snyder (2013) provided corroborating evidence that homeschoolers at a Catholic university were outperforming their peers in the areas of standardized tests and overall GPAs. Homeschoolers in college are less likely than their peers to pursue degrees in STEM topics, and more likely to pursue creative degrees, which may be attributed to the "math gap" discussed above. There is some evidence from 2009 that home-educated children in the UK are more likely to be NEET, Not in Employment, Education or Training, at age 16 to 18. NHERI researcher Richard G. Medlin found that homeschooled children sampled from Christian homeschool co-ops self-reported higher in cooperation, assertiveness, empathy, and self-control than a random sample of children attending public schools. A study of the social connections of homeschooled children found that homeschoolers had an equal number of social connections as their peers, but that those connections had a larger range of ages. Although a large proportion of parents cited religion as their primary reason for homeschooling, a 2008 survey found that homeschooling had no effect on the religious behavior or affiliation of children, with parents holding the same degree of influence over their children regardless of their schooling method. Homeschool advocacy groups indicate that homeschooled children suffer roughly the same rate of child abuse and neglect as those in public or private schools. However, high-profile child abuse cases such as the death by abuse of homeschooled autistic teen Matthew Tirado have led to greater awareness of the lack of regulation and oversight of homeschooled children. A 2018 Connecticut study found that 38% of children withdrawn from school to be homeschooled lived in families with one or more reports of abuse or neglect to the Department of Children and Families. Following a (separate) widely publicized case of false imprisonment in Waterbury, Connecticut, a 2025 data review found that over one in ten homeschooling families in Connecticut had at least one substantiated claim of physical abuse, physical neglect, or educational neglect. A 2014 study of child torture victims found that 47% had been withdrawn for homeschooling, and an additional 29% had never been enrolled in school. A 2022 study found that the passing of laws permitting homeschool in US states did not have a statistically significant effect on rates of child abuse or deaths, although some specifications indicated an increase in the rate of child homicide; however, this research suffers from limitations typical of the subject due to lack of documentation of homeschool families. In 1990, homeschool lobbyists defeated a proposed Florida law which would have required parents to be run against a child abuse registry before being allowed to homeschool their children. Similar laws have been introduced and failed to pass state legislature in West Virginia, Illinois, Kentucky, Maryland, Louisiana, and Pennsylvania; in Utah, a law requiring background checks for homeschooling parents was removed in 2025. In the United States, only two states, Pennsylvania and Arkansas, obstruct convicted child abusers and sex offenders from homeschooling; Tennessee blocks parents from pulling children for homeschooling to obstruct pending abuse investigations. Advocates argue that lawmakers should hold state child protective services accountable for preventing child abuse, rather than restricting the rights of homeschool parents. Adulthood Few scholarly studies have examined the experiences of adults who were homeschooled. A survey distributed by Evangelical christian homeschooling networks found extremely positive outcomes for homeschooled adults, A random survey of religious young adults found that those who were homeschooled got married younger, had fewer children, and divorced more frequently than those who attended Protestant private schools. The homeschool cohort also reported lower SAT scores and lower college achievement compared with those who attended private schools. ==Legality and prevalence==

==Attitudes towards homeschooling==

Some organizations of teachers and school districts resist homeschooling. The National Education Association, a United States teachers' union and professional association, has asserted that teachers should be licensed and that state-approved curricula should be used. Elizabeth Bartholet, a Harvard University professor of law and faculty director of the Law School's Child Advocacy Program, recommended a ban on home education in 2019, calling it a risky practice. Bartholet stated that homeschooling reduces a child's exposure to mandated reporters such as teachers, making children more susceptible to sustained, unreported abuse, and recommended that homeschooling be presumptively banned. In the aftermath of COVID-19 lockdowns, there has been a significant increase in homeschooling numbers across all demographics. This has led to an increase in interest about the outcomes of homeschooling from an academic and legal perspective, as well as concerns about the lack of quality research into homeschooling outcomes. In 1988, when asked whether parents should have a right to choose homeschooling, 53 percent thought that they should, as revealed by another poll. Political scientist Rob Reich speculated in The Civic Perils of Homeschooling (2002) that homeschooling could threaten to "insulate students from exposure to diverse ideas and people." ==Software==