Soviet Russia Immediately after the
October Revolution, a special program of "densification" () was enabled: people who had no shelter were settled in flats of those who had multiple unused rooms, with only one room left to previous owners. The flats were declared
state property. This led to numerous
shared flats where several families lived simultaneously. Nevertheless, the problem of complete homelessness was mostly solved as anybody could apply for a room or a place in
dormitory (the number of shared flats steadily decreased after large-scale residential building program was implemented starting in the 1960s). By 1922, there were at least
7 million homeless children in Russia as a result of nearly a decade of devastation from
World War I and the
Russian Civil War. This led to the creation of many
orphanages. By the 1930s, the USSR declared the abolition of homelessness and every citizen was obliged to have a
propiska – a place of permanent residency. Nobody could be stripped of propiska without substitution or refuse it without a confirmed permission (called "order") to register in another place. If someone wanted to move to another city or expand their living area, they had to find a partner who wanted to mutually exchange the flats. The right for shelter was secured in the
Soviet constitution. Not having permanent residency was legally considered a crime. There were also virtually no empty and unused apartments in the cities: any flat where nobody was registered was immediately lent by the state at a symbolic price to others who needed better living conditions. If a person who had permanent registration could not pay for shelter, nobody had the right to
evict them, only to demand money through the court. However, this did not put an end to homelessness in the USSR; Soviet journalist Alexei Lebedev after living in the vagrant community in Moscow stated that there were "hundreds of thousands" of homeless in the USSR and that the homeless community's presence was becoming more noticeable in the later years of the USSR. After 1957, the USSR built 2.2 million units every year. Due to the institution of
basic housing rent, rent only made up about 5% of a family's monthly budget, although in Moscow, the average family only spent 3% of their budget on rent.
After the breakup of the USSR After the breakup of the USSR and adopting capitalism, the problem of homelessness sharpened dramatically, partially because of the legal vacuum of the early 1990s with some laws contradicting each other and partially because of a high rate of frauds in the realty market. In 1991, articles 198 and 209 of Russian criminal code which instituted a criminal penalty for not having permanent residence were abolished. Because most flats had been privatized and many people sold their last shelter without successfully buying another, there was a sharp increase of the homeless. Renting apartments from a private owner became widespread (which usually only gives temporary registration and the apartment owner could evict the lessee after the contract is over, or if the rent was unpaid). In Moscow, the first overnight shelter for the homeless was opened in 1992. In the late 1990s, certain amendments in law were implemented to reduce the rise in homelessness, such as the prohibition of selling the last home with registered children. , Russia in 2021 ==Today==