Horsham Unitarian Church

In England, people and ministers who worshipped outside the Church of England but were not part of the Roman Catholic Church were historically known as Protestant Dissenters or Nonconformists. Nonconformism became officially recognised after the Act of Uniformity 1662, which removed from their living those Church of England ministers who refused to recognise or abide by the Act's requirements. Alternative denominations developed, many focused mainly on a personal relationship with God rather than on the rites and ceremonies of religious worship as in the Anglican and Roman Catholic churches. This trend was seen throughout Sussex, and by the late 17th century "the all-embracing medieval Church" existed alongside newly established denominations. One of these denominations was the Arminian or General Baptists, coming from Puritanism. Under his leadership, Baptists had met in small house-groups in the area (in particular at Southwater and Broadbridge Heath) since 1669 His influence on Baptist causes throughout southeast England was considerable: in 1696, his increasingly unorthodox beliefs caused a separation in the General Assembly, and its response to his changing theology was significant in the development of Unitarianism. The Act of Toleration 1689 gave greater freedom to Nonconformist denominations: they no longer had to meet in secret in houses, and could build their own chapels. The founders, John Dendy and John Greeve, paid (£ as of ) for the land, and were responsible for building the cottage-like chapel and laying out the garden around it. Soon after the chapel opened, Baptists formed the largest denomination of Nonconformists in Horsham—overtaking the Quakers, who were in decline, and Presbyterians. Other Nonconformists in Horsham in the 18th and 19th centuries included Strict Baptists, Independent Baptists, Plymouth Brethren, Congregationalists, Methodists and Latter-day Saints. Until this, worshippers were taken to the mill pond at nearby Broadbridge Heath to be baptised. The garden was by now used for burials, and it was extended in 1816. Later in the 19th century, more changes were made inside, the porch was rebuilt, pews were installed and one of the original galleries was removed. The most active period of reordering was between 1867 and 1872. The move away from Baptist beliefs and towards Unitarianism began at the start of the 19th century Brighton Road Baptist Church also established two daughter churches in the Horsham area. The endowment was still in existence in 1964, when it yielded £5.5s.- (£ as of ). A 20th-century stone tablet inside the chapel commemorates this bequest. this defines it as a "nationally important" building of "special interest". As of February 2001, there were 1,628 Grade II listed buildings, and 1,726 listed buildings of all grades, in the district of Horsham. The chapel is a member of the General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches, the umbrella organisation for British Unitarians. ==Architecture and description==

Early Unitarian chapels are characteristically simple, homely, domestic-style buildings—partly because they were not expected to become permanent places of worship, because reintegration with the Church of England was anticipated. "Habit had accustomed [congregations] to the[ir] existing places of worship" by the time it became clear that Unitarianism would be a separate denomination, "and the domestic influence thus established by association made itself felt" in subsequent chapel architecture. The Horsham chapel is a "plain, cottage-like building" which forms part of a group of old vernacular buildings on the west side of the Worthing Road—including Horsham's Quaker Friends Meeting House. It has walls of red and blue-grey brick, two storeys and a hipped roof (with a hidden central depression) laid with Horsham Stone tiles. The main façade faces east, and sits on a brickwork plinth with a stone course. A similar band separates the lower and upper storeys. The date of construction is etched in one of the casement windows. The central porch dates from the late 19th century. The rear (west) wall is obscured but retains its original ground-floor paired arched windows and first-floor gallery windows. The north and south walls have single-window ranges; those on the south side are hidden behind the baptistery and vestry built in 1772. These are in the form of a lean-to with a sloping tiled and gabled roof and an arched window. Writing in 1914, one architect stated that "to a casual glance, the chapel ... might very well be a detached private house". The chapel's interior dimensions are . Two timber columns of the Doric order, with square bases and decorative capitals, support the roof, which is plastered. A panelled gallery at the north end is held on an octagonal column and retains its original box pews; a matching gallery was removed from the south side during the 19th-century renovations. The original rostrum stood between the two arched windows on the rear (west) wall. The southern extension has two vestries flanking a brick-lined, floor-set baptistery with stone steps. It was fed by a well sunk in the floor of one of the adjacent rooms. The "fine interior" also has monuments to John Dendy (one of the founders) and family members, members of the Gatford family and the Rev. Robert Ashdowne, minister between 1831 and 1861. In the graveyard, an ornate table-tomb to Richard Browne has gadrooning and fluting. The chapel is set a long way back from the street within its graveyard. At the time of its construction, mistrust of Christian denominations outside the Established (Anglican) Church was still prevalent, and the building intentionally avoided drawing attention to itself or its congregation by being obtrusive. The graveyard survives on three sides, although many monuments were moved or taken away in 1976. ==See also==