Following the
Qing conquest of the Kingdom of Tungning in 1683, the territory's last ruler,
Zheng Keshuang, Prince of Yanping and grandson of Koxinga, was taken to Beijing. The
Kangxi Emperor granted Zheng the peerage title of
Duke Hanjun and inducted him and his descendants into the
Plain Red Banner. They are found both on mainland China and in Taiwan, while the descendants of Koxinga's brother, Shichizaemon, reside in Japan. His descendants through one of his sons, Zheng Kuan, live in Taiwan. One of Koxinga's descendants on mainland China, Zheng Xiaoxuan (), the father of , fought against the Japanese during the
Second Sino-Japanese War. , born in Shandong, mainland China, referred to himself as a "child of the resistance" against Japan. During the war, he became a refugee, moving across China to escape the Japanese forces. In 1949, he relocated to Taiwan and focused on fostering stronger ties between Taiwan and mainland China. Although Zheng Chouyu was born in mainland China and identified as Chinese, he felt alienated when he was forced to move to Taiwan in 1949. Taiwan, which had previously been under Japanese rule, felt strange and foreign to him. == Rulers of the Kingdom of Tungning ==