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Hover (behaviour)

Hovering is the ability exhibited by some winged animals to remain relatively stationary in midair. Usually this involves rapid downward thrusts of the wings to generate upward lift. Sometimes hovering is maintained by flapping or soaring into a headwind; this form of hovering is called "wind hovering", "windhovering", or "kiting".

True hoverers
Hummingbirds Hummingbirds hover over flowers to obtain nectar, flapping their wings at up to 70 beats per second. Archilochus colubris-male hovering.jpg|Ruby-throated hummingbird Sword-billed hummingbird (male) at Guango Lodge, Ecuador (21310837273).jpg|Sword-billed hummingbird Bats Like hummingbirds, fruit bats and nectar bats hover over flowers while feeding on fruits or nectar. Comparison between bats and hummingbirds has revealed that these animals exert similar amounts of energy relative to body weight during hovering: hummingbirds can twist their wings more easily and are more aerodynamic, but bats have bigger wings and larger strokes. Kingfishers Small Kingfishers such as Belted kingfisher may hover over water before diving in to catch fish. Larger species such as Ringed kingfisher are too heavy to hover for more than a few seconds. s can hover, the picture shows a Blue Tit and a Great Tit hovering and looking for a place to enter a bird feeder. Moths Sphinx moths Some sphinx moths (family Sphingidae) are known as hummingbird moths for their ability to hover over flowers while nectaring. Moths are relatively heavy insects and sometimes hang on to the flower with their forelegs as they hover. Hemaris thysbe-hovering nectaring.jpg|Hummingbird clearwing Broad-bordered bee hawk-moth patuxent research refuge 7.9.21 DSC 1713.jpg|Broad-bordered bee hawk-moth Clearwing moths Some clearwing moths (family Sesiidae) also hover while nectaring or puddling. Females may also hover to inspect ovipositing sites. Chamaesphecia bibioniformis-male hovering.jpg|Chamaesphecia bibioniformis Eichlinia cucurbitae-hovering dorsal.jpg|Squash vine borer File:Bumblebee mimic.webm|thumbtime=0|Hemaris diffinis is an excellent bumblebee mimic Hoverflies Hoverflies are flies that often hover over the plants they visit. This hovering behaviour is unlike that of hummingbirds since they do not feed in midair. Hovering in general may be a means of finding a food source; in addition, male hovering is often a territorial display seeking females, while female hovering serves to inspect ovipositing sites. while females hover over ovipositing sites - usually the entrance of a host insect nest, and shoot eggs into the nest using an ejecting movement of their abdomen. Species that have a long proboscis can hover over flowers while feeding, much as hummingbirds do, though these flies may touch the flower with their legs for balance while hovering. File:Bombylius egg ejection 290310 1504.gif|Bombylius egg ejection File:Bombylius major-hovering.jpg|Large bee-fly File:Bombylius canescens-male hovering.jpg|Western bee-fly Odonata Odonata is an insect order that includes dragonflies and damselflies. They are strong aviators renowned for their acrobatic flights, including the ability to hover, usually for a short pause during their ceaseless territorial patrols. Dragonflies In addition to short hovers while cruising, female dragonflies may hover over the water before or during oviposition, males may also hover-guard their mate at this time. File:Aeshna juncea hovering.jpg|Sedge darner male File:Anax junius-hovering.jpg|Green darner male File:Tramea lacerata-flying tandem separated.jpg|Black saddlebags pair hovering over oviposition site Pachydiplax longipennis-female ovipositing.webm|Blue dasher Plathemis lydia-ovipositing.webm|Common whitetail Damselflies Some male damselflies hover in front of females or over the oviposition site during courtship; sometimes females also hover in response. After mating, males may hover-guard their mate by either circling over her or by hovering while attached to her in tandem. Males hover-guarding in tandem do not need wings at all to remain suspended in the air; they are held aloft by clasping their mate with their abdomen, and can maintain their position even when the head and thorax are removed by predators. File:Calopteryx maculata-male hovering.jpg|Ebony jewelwing male hover-patrolling File:Argia moesta-male hovering.jpg|Powdered dancer male hover-patrolling File:Argia moesta-ovipositing.jpg|Powdered dancer males hover-guarding Hymenoptera Bees Many bee species, such as bumblebees, hover momentarily as they approach flowers to feed. Males of some species, including carder bees, hover while patrolling their territories. File:Bombus fervidus-hovering.jpg|Golden northern bumble bee Xylocopa nasalis-hovering.jpg|Oriental carpenter bee Anthidium manicatum-male hovering.jpg|European wool carder bee Large eyed male carpenter bees primarily hover to protect their territory and attract female carpenter bees. Hovering allows them to spot intruders and other male competitors. When a male carpenter bee encounters an intruder, including a person and other mammals, it may dart towards it to chase it away. Males often hover to display banding patterns on their abdomen as a territorial display. Among the solitary wasps, parasitoid species such as scoliid wasps exhibit hovering behaviour while hunting for prey to feed their larvae. Males of some parasitoids may hover briefly while they patrol their territories, seeking females and chasing away rivals. ==Wind hoverers==
Wind hoverers
Raptors Many birds of prey such as kestrels, harriers, and members of the Buteo genus can "windhover" by facing the wind. Elanine kites also engage in "windhovering"; this behaviour is also called "kiting" due the common names of this genus. File:Common kestrel hovering.jpg|Common kestrel File:Falco cenchroides 2.jpg|Nankeen kestrel File:Northern Harrier - 51872832791.jpg|Northern harrier File:Letter-winged Kite (Elanus scriptus)4.jpg|Letter-winged kite Seabirds Certain seabirds can windhover by soaring or flapping into the wind; often this behaviour takes advantage of thermals whipping off a coastal cliff. Tropicbirds can even fly backwards against a strong headwind; Red-tailed tropicbird pairs use this ability to circle each other during courtship displays. Smaller seabirds such as shearwaters and storm petrels feed by hovering low over the water surface, flapping with half-open wings and paddling with their feet in a technique called "pattering" or "sea-anchoring". The waves are accompanied by a slight horizontal wind that enables the birds to soar in place while using their feet to steady themselves. File:Phaethon_rubricauda-hovering_flying_backwards.jpg|Red-tailed tropicbird flying backwards File:Phaethon rubricauda-courtship_fly_backwards.jpg|Red-tailed tropicbirds circling courtship File:Oceanites oceanicus - SE Tasmania.jpg|Wilson's storm petrel pattering File:Puffinus gavia-pattering.jpg|Fluttering shearwater pattering ==References==
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