Howa Type 20

It was reported that the Type 20 was selected in 2019 over the Heckler & Koch HK416 and the FN SCAR-L. On May 18, 2020, the Ministry of Defense announced that the rifle would be designated as the Type 20. It was also announced that the Type 20 will first be issued to soldiers in the Amphibious Rapid Deployment Brigade. The Type 20 was seen overseas for the first time in Operation Talisman Sabre, which took place from July to August 2023 with the ARDB. ==Development==

In August 2014, it was reported that the JGSDF was looking for a new rifle to replace the Type 89. Initial candidates to replace the Type 89s include the Heckler & Koch G36, Heckler & Koch HK416, Steyr AUG, FN SCAR, and a new rifle developed by Howa. In 2015, the Japanese Ministry of Defense procured various foreign made rifles for testing purposes and contracted with Howa to test their domestic rifle. The procurement contract is shown as: The small arms "S type, 516 and 716" are the SIG516 and SIG716, "G type, V" is the G36V, "HK type" is likely the HK416 or HK417, and "SC type, H and L" is the SCAR-H and SCAR-L. It is unknown what rifle is small arms "M type". At the same time, Howa filed a patent on the design for their rifle on 15 May 2015. Furthermore, the design was patented under Japan's Design Act (Article 14) which allows the design to be kept in secret for up to three years. An updated design was later patented under the same law on 25 September 2015. A follow-up report stated that two evaluations were conducted on the rifle in 2018. The first evaluation focused on the weapon's performance on land such as effective range and accuracy. The second evaluation compared the weapon's performance, logistics and cost to the other two rifles. Since all three rifles satisfied the JGSDF's requirements, the Type 20 was selected due to having the highest score based on the second evaluation. The unit price for mass production is stated to be at ¥280,000 including maintenance and operation costs. The estimated life cycle cost is ¥43.9 billion if 150,000 units are procured. The first batch of rifles (3,283 units) were purchased for ¥900 million in the FY 2020 defense budget, equivalent to $2,600 per rifle. As of 2023, the Type 20's prototype was placed on display at the JGSDF Ordnance School. ==Design details==

The Type 20 is said by the Ministry of Defense to possess better environment durability, fire power and extensibility over the Type 89. The side rails have been extended, foldable iron sights were added, and the stock features a shoulder pad similar to the one seen on the HK416. Because of the radical and modern design shift the rifle has over its predecessor, there are some speculations on how it got its design. One speculation is that the design was possibly influenced by various foreign made rifles; as Japan has experience procuring and utilizing a number of foreign rifles, i.e. the Special Forces Group. As such, the design of the Type 20 has been compared to the Heckler & Koch HK433; The rifle weighs 3.5 kg and has a total length between 780 mm to 850 mm depending on the extension of the stock. The barrel length is 330 mm. Unlike the Type 89, the Type 20 lacks a three-round burst setting as it was deemed unnecessary. The rifle is compatible with the same bayonet used by the Type 89, and, according to a Ministry of Defense press conference, the rifle can be used with the Beretta GLX-160 grenade launcher. The Type 20 was made to be fully ambidextrous to accommodate both left- and right-handed shooters. It is also made to be resistant to corrosion for exposure to seawater. The weapon fires the J-3 high-power cartridge, a 5.56mm round developed specifically for the Type 20. It weighs 12 g (0.4 oz) and is made from steel and red brass using double-base powder propelling a bullet with a monolithic, high-strength material core. The J-3 was made to be powerful enough to penetrate modern body armor despite the rifle's relatively short barrel length, and also less expensive to produce and procure compared to the ammunition produced for the Type 89. ==Users==