The most important reason for the 5.3 seconds of longitude offset between the IERS Reference Meridian and the Airy transit circle is that the observations with the transit circle were based on the
astronomical longitude, while the IERS Reference is a geodetic-based longitude; that is, the plane of the meridian contains the center of figure of the Earth. It was adopted for air navigation by the
International Civil Aviation Organization on 3 March 1989.
Tectonic plates slowly move over the surface of Earth, so most countries have adopted for their maps an IRM version fixed relative to their own tectonic plate as it existed at the beginning of a specific year. Examples include the North American Datum 1983 (NAD83), the European Terrestrial Reference Frame 1989 (ETRF89), and the Geocentric Datum of Australia 1994 (GDA94). Versions fixed to a tectonic plate differ from the global version by at most a few centimetres. The IERS system is not quite fixed to any point attached to the Earth. For example, all points on the European portion of the Eurasian plate, including the Royal Observatory, are moving northeast at about 2.5 cm per year relative to it. The IRM is the weighted average (in the
least squares sense) of the reference meridians of the hundreds of ground stations contributing to the IERS network. The network includes GPS/
GNSS stations,
satellite laser ranging (SLR) stations,
lunar laser ranging (LLR) stations, and the highly accurate
very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) stations. All stations' coordinates are reduced to a reference epoch (a fixed date/time) and adjusted annually to remove net rotation relative to the major tectonic plates. If Earth had only two hemispherical plates moving relative to each other around any axis which intersects their centres or their junction, then the longitudes (around any other rotation axis) of any two, diametrically opposite, stations must move in opposite directions by the same amount. The
180th meridian (the
meridian at 180° both east and west of the
Prime Meridian) is opposite the IERS Reference Meridian and forms a
great ellipse with it dividing the earth into
Western Hemisphere and
Eastern Hemisphere.
Universal Time is notionally based on the IERS Reference Meridian. Because of changes in the rate of Earth's rotation, standard international time
UTC can differ from the mean observed solar time at noon on the prime meridian by up to 0.9 seconds.
Leap seconds are inserted from time to time, to keep UTC close to Earth's angular position relative to the Sun; see
Mean solar time. ==List of places==